Corporate Level Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Level Strategy - Essay Example However, for a department like Police, a portfolio approach will be relatively better suited. Both the approaches towards corporate strategy requires a very well thought out approach towards viewing organization amid the competition it faces in the market place. It is however, important to understand that not all firms and organizations are established for competitive purposes as public sector organizations have to actually fulfill certain responsibilities without any commercial consideration. Organizations like Police Department therefore don’t focus on maximizing the profits as most commercial organizations do however, to work efficiently and effectively, it is important that such organizations also maintain a strategic outlook. Portfolio approach to corporate strategy may focus on achieving financial synergy while allowing business units to operate independently however, it is also important for allowing business units to operate on their own. The challenge for management however is to ensure that all the business units operate according to overall corporate strategy of the firm and overall execution of strategy remains well intact. Portfolio approach for a department like Police will be a relatively better approach because Police department, as a whole, works in different units. Not all units are assigned the same roles and responsibilities however, a close integration of all the departments is considered as necessary. However, various departments also need to ensure that they operate on their own to fulfill their strategic role while at the same time maintaining required synergy. Core competencies approach is relatively strong approach however this may not be suitable for a department like Police. Core Competencies approach requires that organization generate and maintain its core competencies across the whole organization. Each department and business unit therefore is required to ensure that organizational

Evolutionary Psychology Essay Example for Free

Evolutionary Psychology Essay Just as in the past a brilliant scientist and researcher William Harvey was able to find the fact that it is the heart that is responsible for pumping blood through the human body, psychologists of today have been able to find out and to prove the fact that ‘cognition’ has a particular and specific structure. These psychologists are known as ‘evolutionary psychologists’, and it is this team of experts that have floated the theory that cognitive structure, like physiological structure, has followed, through the centuries, the all important process of natural selection. This was how it has been able to survive and engage in reproduction through the years. What exactly is evolutionary psychology? It is a science that focuses on discovering the evolved process of the nervous systems of human beings, bringing into focus the fact that the human brain is a completely organized structure, just like tissues in any living organism are fully organized. In other words, it is the opinion of evolutionary psychologists that the human brain is composed of several functional parts, made to facilitate the survival and the reproduction of that particular organism. Therefore, this can be taken to mean that the human brain is not an organ with one single function, but rather as an organism made up of a large number of fully functioning parts. In general, evolutionary psychologists refer to the functional components of organisms as ‘adaptations’, and this is the term applied to the functions of the human brain as well. (Hagen, Edward 2004) It is evident therefore that evolutionary psychology refers to a particular approach to psychology, which uses the accepted principles of evolutionary biology to research the design and the workings of the human mind. It can be described as an approach, or a way of thinking, which can be applied to any subject within it. (Cosmides, Leda, Tooby, John 1997) What are the primary activities of evolutionary psychologists? Charles Darwin had this to say, in the year 1859, â€Å"In the distant future, I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. † Darwin had foreseen the advances that would be made in the field of psychology in the future, and the science of evolutionary psychology was one of his predictions that came true. As mentioned earlier, evolutionary perspectives on human psychology are a part of the larger theory of general selection, and this field has led to greater scientific advancements in areas like sociobiology and ethnobotany, among others. Evolutionary psychologists have to find answers to questions such as how, why and when did human consciousness evolve, are there any differences between the psychology of men and women, and if so, what are they? Are there any differences between the psychologies of various races and ethnicities? Are there are adaptive explanations for human behaviors such as aggressiveness, self destructiveness and so on? Is it true that human consciousness is evolving today, as it has been steadily over the past hundreds and thousands of years? Is it true that human intelligence is inherited, and is it at all in any way influenced by one’s environment? Can the theories of evolutionary psychology accurately describe and explain the reasons behind the common phobias among human beings? One must remember however that several sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists are completely wary of using and understanding the new evolutionary perspective on human brains and behaviors, perhaps because in their opinion, evolutionary psychologists tended to adapt theories from the animal world and apply them to humans, and also, tended to generalize the principles of evolution in a much too dramatic fashion. (Evolutionary Psychology 2003) these are the basic of evolutionary psychology theory: Darwin’s ‘descent with modification’ theory, Hamilton’s ‘inclusive fitness’ theory, Maynard Smith’s ‘game theory’, and Trivers’ ‘optimization’ theory. Take for example the theory of ‘inclusive fitness’. This is also referred to as ‘kin selection’, and therefore forms an important element of evolutionary psychology. Kin selection explains away the fact of altruism and philanthropy, by stating that all genes are invariably ‘selfish’, and that an individual is in reality nothing but a gene’s ‘survival machine’. Nevertheless, since a gene would automatically be passed on to the next generation, if the person who is carrying that gene survives in order to reproduce, or even if any of the several other relatives of the surviving individual survive and reproduce, thereby passing on the gene to the next generation. According to Maynard Smith, this may be the reason why a lapwing will fake being injured in order to lure a predatory hawk away from its offspring, thereby acting in an altruistic manner towards its young. This type of altruism may also benefit non-relatives, because it is an acknowledged fact that the members of the same species will help take care of the youngsters of the species, even if they are not related in any way. The reason why this happens may be because of the fact that the evolved mechanism may not be sufficiently complex to make fine discriminations of this kind. This may be why some people like to take care of pets, while some do not. The people who do have pets are in fact allowing their caretaking mechanism to be exploited. Evolutionary psychology has also been applied into another important are: aggression of the human being. It is an accepted fact that sexual rivalry often leads to blatant aggression, and most violent deaths are caused by man killing another man, or man killing a woman in the name of sexual tension and rivalry. In such a case, violence may be taken to refer to be just one strategy in the plethora of male coercive tools, coercion being the direct result of sexual proprietorship and possessiveness. Men who allow themselves to be cuckolded would then be considered losers of the zero-sum evolutionary game that human beings play in their desire to make sure that their genes get into the next generation. Men use violence as a tool to stop and prevent their mates from sexually engaging with other men, because although maternity is always a given, paternity may not be proven. It is this same principle that works in the case of step-children and their adoptive fathers. These fathers have no interest in their step children, because they are not carrying their genes onto the next generation, and supporting another man’s child may mean that this man is working in opposition to his evolutionary interests. History can prove to man that in general, step fathers indulge in greater violence and aggression towards their step children than towards their biological children, the primary reason being that of ensuring that his genes are carried forward, and not another man’s. (Evolutionary Psychology 1998) According to evolutionary psychologists, there is a lack of fit between the current environment and the adaptation of the brain. In their opinion, if the brain is an adaptation, then there could be no doubt that at some time back in time, there existed some sort of selection for brain mechanisms, which in effect transformed information about environment and its conditions, into human behaviors that could adapt and change in accordance with the requirements of the situation and environment. Selection, however took place because of the manner in which they responded to the environment at the time in which they were selected. Therefore, this theory can be taken to imply that because environmental conditions are different today, the information that is input to the brain is different as well, and as a direct consequence, the brain may respond by generating behavior that may not be adaptive to the new conditions in which it finds itself. Failure to adapt may occur in two ways: either the brain could continue to produce the same older behavior under the newer conditions given, or the brain could produce new behavior that responded to the new information coming in, and the behavior could fail to be of the adaptive sort. This is in fact a rather common behavioral pattern, and when conditions change, the response becomes different from what the designers intended, like for example, as demonstrated by sophisticated computer programs, designed to perform a variety of complicated tasks, are also programmed to produce adaptive outputs as a direct response to certain key commands. At the same time, a new input could confuse the computer and prompt it into giving a completely nonsensical and non-adaptive output in response. In human beings, as evolutionary psychologists theorize, there is in place an evolved behavioral predisposition to make sure that reproductive success is always at its highest level, but this conflates the theory that the human brain was designed through a process of selection, as mentioned earlier. (Buller J David n. d)

This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff Essay -- Character Analysis

The book â€Å"This Boy’s Life† by Tobias Wolff is a memoir written about the author’s childhood memories and experiences. The author shows many different characters within the book. Many of them are just minor character that does not affect the author much in his life choices and thoughts throughout his growth. But there are some that acts as the protagonist and some the antagonist. One of them is Dwight, the protagonist’s or Jack’s stepfather. This character seems to be one of the characters that inhibit Jack’s choices and decisions. This character plays a huge role in Jack’s life as it leaves a huge scar in his memory. The author here spends the majority of time in this character in the memoir to show the readers the relationship between Jack and Dwight. There are several â€Å"masks† that Dwight wears to hide his true intention towards Jack and Rosemary. One of the most obvious times is when during the approval seeking moment where Dwight threatened and instilled fear in Jack by driving dangerously and swerving his car intentionally. Dwight here wants to show Jack that he is in complete control of Jack and Rosemary’s life. To forewarn Jack about his future decisions and implication, Dwight intentionally puts on a mask of â€Å"malice.† This proves to be advantageous for Dwight as Jack finally succumbs toward Dwight’s threats and corners Jack to approve his mother’s marriage to Dwight. Later on, Dwight and Jack started painting their house where white paint is used as a primary paint supposedly to symbolize purity and a new start towards Jack’s new life. But this also had an alternate mask covering the false positive pretense. It shows to the reader that Dwight may be covering the true rotten, ill and malice with white paint. Even with w... ...s violence and his bad attitudes as a safety precaution on Dwight’s future behaviors. In the end, readers will get a sense of disapproval on Dwight due to many presentations of â€Å"evil† and â€Å"malice† towards Jack. This may be the deceitful nature of Dwight towards both Jack and Rosemary, or the many tortures that Jack encounters while living with Dwight. In the end, there is a conclusion that points toward a relationship that is based on hatred and a kind of necessity need for both characters to one another as Dwight needs Jack for Rosemary’s love and Jack needs Dwight for Rosemary’s security in life. It is not a relationship desired by Jack as he finally says â€Å"We hated each other. We hated each other so much that other feelings didn’t get enough light. It disfigured me† (Wolff 232), and â€Å"I left Chinook without a thought for the years I’d lived there.† (Wolff 234),

Star Trek - The Next Generation :: essays research papers

Star Trek - The Next Generation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Star date: 41176.8 Captain's log. This is my (Captain Jean-Luc Picard of the U.S.S. Enterprise #NCC-17O1 D) account of the events leading up to and beyond the Federation and Romulan war (2380-2385 AD).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Star date: 32851.2: The Enterprise received a distressed call from a fleeing scout ship. SOS... I am ... under ... attack!! request ... asylum ... Federation ... Space!!..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ship was pushing the limits of its engines as it hurtled out of the neutral zone -- the volume of space that serves as a no-ones-land separating the United Federation of Planets and the Romulan Empire. A powerful Romulan warbird was mercilessly firing wave after wave of disrupter blasts at the small defenseless scout ship. Once the scout was in Federation space, the warbird broke off the attack and quickly retreated back to Romulan space.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We hailed the ship and found out from her captain that he was alone. His name was Shaq, captain of the Check Mate. He claimed to be a Romulan captain in search of Federation asylum. I had never heard of such a thing; in Romulan society, loyalty to the Romulan Empire is more sacred than life itself. In any event, I was certain that we would learn a lot more during the next few days.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Star date: 32851.5: Captain Shaq claimed that he was defecting in order to prevent intergalactic war. He told us that the Romulan Empire has plans for an abominable new weapon for use against the Federation and any others who might dare to resist total domination of the Romulans. The weapon, called the Metagenic Device, would be launched from orbit to any planet and release a deadly virus throughout the planet's atmosphere. The virus would then quickly infect all forms of life and cause fatal mutations in the DNA of its victims. Within twenty-four hours, all life would cease. Within thirty-six hours, the virus itself would break down becoming inviolable, leaving the planet's resources free for plunder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time we did not know if we should trust Captain Shaq, so I decided to send an away team to investigate his ship and its computer record. As I was ordering my number 1 officer, Commander Riker, with the away team over to the Checkmate, Shaq warned me against such action claiming that he had initiated a self-destruct sequence before leaving his vessel. Seconds later, the scout ship exploded. We immediately questioned Captain Shaq as to why he initiated the self-destruct. He replied, that though he wanted to prevent the war, he was no traitor and would not willingly give up the secrets of his

The Audio Engineer

A vital part in the making of any professionally made album is the production and post-production process. These processes are the responsibility of audio engineers employed by record labels. The engineers are responsible for the recording, mixing, and mastering of audio tracks. To do this, engineers are trained with various technologies in the fields of multi track recording, outboard gear and digital/analog workstations.With their knowledge and tools, engineers help the artists convey their art as best as possible not only to themselves but also to the demographic they wish to express their art to. The job of the engineer can be best described as a presenter in a techno artistic field. The job requires the technical capabilities and instinct to translate the artist’s ideas into a working production. In order to do this, the engineer must be educated in the Audio Industry with a Bachelors Degree in at least one of many Audio Production courses. Associated essay: Advantage Energy Technology Data Center MigrationThe individuals training for this degree must know the fundamentals of proper signal flow, how to work a mixing board, set up microphones, and manipulate outboard equipment that includes time based and dynamic processors. Once the engineer has taken the proper courses for the specific field and has received their commemorative degrees, they can learn more about audio engineering by taking in an internship at a recording studio, music venue, or radio station.A suggestion made by the Audio Engineering Society states that, â€Å"students should complete and internship or apprenticeship to gain hands-on experience, which will make them more marketable to potential employers† (www. aes. org). After receiving the hands on experience from internships, the climb to the top of their field starts and soon they begin to take on more important tasks in the studio, which can include becoming a second engineer or even becomi ng the lead engineer.As an engineer, the skills learned through out the course of ones career can build a high reputation in the industry, which in turn opens a wide range of opportunities to experience. The first phase in the production process of any project is recording. In this phase, the engineer captures one or more sound sources through the use of a wide range microphones and record it directly to one or more of the isolated tracks of a recording system.Through the process of multi track recording however, technologies have added a degree of flexibility by allowing multiple sound sources to be captured onto and played back from isolated tracks. Some of the many types of technology and supplies engineers use in the recording process include microphones, dynamics and time based processors, equalizers, and personal address systems. Personal address systems are made up of three different components that include speakers, amps, and mixers along with a wide variety of backline equi pment.Time Based Processors include effects such as echo which is recognizable, repeat of direct sound and reverb which consists of multiple, blended, random echoes. Dynamic based processors deal with compressors that reduce the dynamic range of a signal by making the loud signals softer and the soft signals louder or vice versa; a gate, which utilizes a threshold knob, that tells the processor when to start the process by cutting out certain frequency ratios. The microphones for each instrument are selected by experience or by experimentation and are then connected to the desired console.They then place the microphone in the desired position in order to get the best possible sound without distortion. Once that is processed, the microphone and track selection should be noted onto a track sheet for easy input and track assignment in the studio. After all the assignments and labeling have been applied, the engineer can begin the process of setting levels for each instrument and mic in put by communicating with each musician to play in solo mode or by asking for a complete run through of the song and listening to one input at a time.With the new age of pro studios, project studios, and digital audio workstations, engineers have a wide variety of tools and options for different types of productions, causing the approach to the projects to vary in many different ways. According to an interview of noted audio engineer Simon Kasprowicz â€Å"what makes a good engineer from a bad is totally subjective and depends upon individual desire because what may sound fantastic to someone, others will find fault in† (Kasprowicz, about. com).When all of the tracks of a project have been recorded, assembled, and edited onto the digital audio workstation or tape deck, the next step would be to individually mix the elements of their work in their final edited forms. The mix down process occurs by routing the various tracks of a digital audio workstation or tape based recorder through a hardware virtual mixing console to alter the overall session’s program, all which include getting relative level, spatial positioning, using equalizers, and effects. Once these measures are taken care of, the engineer can then set up a rough mix of the song by adjusting evels and the spatial pan positions. The producer who is mostly provides feedback to the artist and the engineer during the session, listens to the mix and may ask the engineer to make specific changes such as amplitude adjustments. Instruments in their isolated tracks are often soloed for equalized changes to be made. The usual compression and limiting can be used in the mixing process to make individual tracks sound fuller and more consistent in level or to prevent them from overloading the mix when searching for a desired level.Finally, the team consisting of the artists, producers and engineers in the session can now begin the cooperative process of building the mix in its final form. When the m ix begins to take its form, signal processors, such as effects like reverb and echo, can be added to shape the ambience of the recording in order to help blend with instruments and give a more live feeling to the mix. It’s very important for levels to be as consistent as possible between the various takes. Very often, good judgment is needed to monitor compatible listening levels on speakers or headphones.The reasoning behind this technique is due to the variations in human ear frequency response at different sound pressure level will result in inconsistencies between song balances. Once the final mix is made, the engineer will listen to the mix over different speaker systems for flaws that may have been missed. Making copies of the final mix and sending them out to the producer and artists to listen to is also an ideal way to discover any changes that may be necessary before sending out the final mix to the mastering engineer.Mastering is the process that uses specialized hi gh quality audio gear together with one or more sets of critical ears to help artists and producers attain the desired sound. This has to be done before the recording is made into a finished product. Bob Katz, author of Mastering Audio states that, â€Å"Mastering is the last creative step in the audio production process, the bridge between mixing and distribution† (Katz, 13). It is the last opportunity to enhance sound or repair problems within a studio under an audio microscopic spectrum.Once the final mix is completed, the edited mix down project is sent to the mastering engineers who then fine-tune the overall project. These engineers lend their well-trained ears to help determine what can go wrong technically or aesthetically. With this in mind, mastering too can be considered a techno-artistic field; when applying the rules that one mastering engineer can have a different approach to the sound and overall feel of the project than a different engineer. Mastering can have an important impact on the final project and the assignment of finding the right engineer should never be taken lightly.At times, the mastering engineer may not need to adjust the final mix at all and just give the track the seal of approvable for press. Most of the time, however, the engineer still aids the producer in the track they could not get right during the mix down process by adding their final touch to it. With the audio industry’s constant evolution due to new artists, technologies and recording techniques, labels and production companies are constantly seeking the services of professionally trained engineers.The importance of audio engineers in the hypercompetitive world of entertainment will only increase as new media become more prevalent. Whether its recording tracks at the beginning of the project, assembling and implementing sound effects during the mixing process, or finalizing the project to a desired standard, the audio engineer will continue to be an int egral member in the creation of mass distributed records.

The Third Twin essays

The Third Twin essays The Third Twin by Ken Follett is a type of mystery book. It makes you look at different aspects of the story. When you think you know whats happening it is not always what you think. Dr. Jeannie Ferrami, a scientist funded by a university who is doing a study on twins is one of the main characters in the story. Jeannie Ferrami is tall with long brown hair and is also very athletic. Steve Logan a student at another college is also a very important character in the story. Berrington Jones the head of the college funds Dr. Jeannie Ferrami until Jeannie discovers something Berrington didnt want her to know. Ricky Phillips Berringtons son is a twin just and he plays a small part but with a big impact on the story. Lisa Miller who is Jeannies best friend comes early into the story playing a very dramatic role, another small character is Dennis Pinker one of the twins in the story who is a murderer and is also being studied He is one of Steve Logans twin brothers. Lisa Miller and Jeannie Ferammi are play tennis at the university they work for while changing in the locker room a fire breaks out in which Lisa is caught. Ricky Phillips poses as a security guard and ushers the woman out of the locker room all except Lisa who he rapes in the locker room. Soon after Ricky leaves Jeannie enters the locker room looking for Lisa who she finds unconscious and calls the firemen to help her get Lisa out. Lisa then ends up at the police station filing a report and giving a description of the man whom raped her. The next day Jeannie finds a match in the system she created to help aid her in her search for twins. In her research Jeannie is trying to prove that twins have the same behavior patterns as other twins. In Jeannies system she came up with Steve Logan and Dennis Pinker and found out Steve Logan was a model student at a college campus across town and Dennis Pinker was a conv ...

DIvidend Policies and Financing Essays

DIvidend Policies and Financing Essays DIvidend Policies and Financing Essay DIvidend Policies and Financing Essay Dividend policy refers to the decision made by the company whether to retain the profits within the company, or they pay out the profits to the owners of the organization in the form of dividends (Garrison 2008). Once the company decides on whether to pay dividends, they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may in turn impact on investors and perceptions of the company in the financial markets (Garrison 2008). What they decide depends on the situation of the company now and in the future. It also depends on the preferences of investors and potential investors (Garrison 2008).When deciding on the dividend policy, several factors such as legal constraints, contractual constraints, internal constraints, growth prospect, owners considerations and market considerations have to be taken into account. Considerations taken into account can be incorporated in several dividend theories such as the residual theory of dividends, the clientele theory, the signalling dividend theory, the bird-in-the-hand theory and Modigliani and miller dividend theory.Manufacturing overseas can reduce costs due to its cheap labour costs but there are other considerations that have to be taken into account. There are pros and cons for manufacturing at overseas.Companys capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structure). Debt financing and equity financing has their own advantages and disadvantages but certain factors have to be considered when choosing between these two financing strategies.2.0 Factors Affecting the Dividend PolicyWhen deciding on the dividend policy, several factors need to be taken into account. The factors needed to taken into account are as follows (sources taken fromhttp://freemba.in/articlesread.php?artcode=488substcode=30stcode=10):Stability of EarningsThe nature of business has an important bea ring on the dividend policy. Industrial units having stability of earnings may formulate a more consistent dividend policy than those having an uneven flow of incomes because they can predict easily their savings and earnings. Usually, enterprises dealing in necessities suffer less from oscillating earnings than those dealing in luxuries or fancy goods.Age of CorporationAge of the corporation counts much in deciding the dividend policy. A newly established company may require much of its earnings for expansion and plant improvement and may adopt a rigid dividend policy while, on the other hand, an older company can formulate a clear cut and more consistent policy regarding dividend.Liquidity of FundsAvailability of cash and sound financial position is also an important factor in dividend decisions. A dividend represents a cash outflow, the greater the funds and the liquidity of the firm the better the ability to pay dividend. The liquidity of a firm depends very much on the investme nt and financial decisions of the firm which in turn determines the rate of expansion and the manner of financing. If cash position is weak, stock dividend will be distributed and if cash position is good, company can distribute the cash dividend.Extent of Share DistributionNature of ownership also affects the dividend decisions. A closely held company is likely to get the assent of the shareholders for the suspension of dividend or for following a conservative dividend policy. On the other hand, a company having a good number of shareholders widely distributed and forming low or medium income group would face a great difficulty in securing such assent because they will emphasize to distribute higher dividend.Needs for Additional CapitalCompanies retain a part of their profits for strengthening their financial position. The income may be conserved for meeting the increased requirements of working capital or of future expansion. Small companies usually find difficulties in raising fi nance for their needs of increased working capital for expansion programs. They having no other alternative, use their ploughed back profits. Thus, such Companies distribute dividend at low rates and retain a big part of profits.Trades CycleBusiness cycles also exercise influence upon dividend Policy. Dividend policy is adjusted according to the business oscillations. During the boom, prudent management creates food reserves for contingencies which follow the inflationary period. Higher rates of dividend can be used as a tool for marketing the securities in an otherwise depressed market. The financial solvency can be proved and maintained by the companies in dull years if the adequate reserves have been built up.Government PoliciesThe earnings capacity of the enterprise is widely affected by the change in fiscal, industrial, labor, control and other government policies. Sometimes government restricts the distribution of dividend beyond a certain percentage in a particular industry o r in all spheres of business activity as was done in emergency. The dividend policy has to be modified or formulated accordingly in those enterprises.Need for FundsDividends paid to stockholders use funds that the firm could otherwise invest. Therefore, a company running short of cash or with ample capital investment opportunities may decide to pay little of no dividends. Alternatively, there may be an abundance of cash or a dearth of good capital budgeting projects available. This could lead to very large dividend payments.Management Expectations and Dividend PolicyIf a firms managers perceive the future as relatively bright, on the one hand, they may begin paying large dividends in anticipation of being able to keep them up during the good times ahead. On the other hand, if managers believe that bad times are coming, they may decide to build up the firms reserves for safety instead of paying dividends.Stockholders PreferencesReinvesting earning internally, instead of paying divide nds, would lead to higher stock prices and a greater percentage of the total return common stockholders receive coming from capital gains. Capital gains are profits earned by an investor when the price of a capital asset, such as common stock, increases.Common stockholders may prefer to receive their return from the company in the form of capital gains and some may prefer to receive their return from the company in the form of dividends. Capital gains are not taxed at all unless they are realized. That is, unless the stock is sold. The board of directors should consider stockholder preferences when establishing the firms dividend policy.Restriction on Dividend PaymentsA firm may have dividend payment restrictions in its existing bond indentures or loan agreements. For example, a companys loan contract with a bank may specify that the companys current ratio cannot drop below 2.0 during the life of the loan. Because payment of a cash dividend draws down the companys cash account, the current ratio may fall below the minimum level required. In such a case, the size of a dividend may have to be cut or omitted. In addition, many states prohibit dividend payments if they would create negative retained earnings on the balance sheet. This restriction is a prohibition against raiding the initial capital. Figure 1 summarizes the factors that influence the dividend decision.Figure 1: This figure identifies key elements that make a dividend payment more or less likely.2.1 Leading Dividend TheoriesThe factors that affect the dividend policy can be incorporated in several dividend theories. Dividend theories can be divided into dividend relevance theory and dividend irrelevance theory. Dividend relevance theory refers to the value of a firm is affected by its dividend policy while dividend irrelevance theory refers to a firms dividend policy has no effect on either its value or its cost of capital (studyfinance.com/lessons/dividends/index.mv?page=01).2.1.1 Dividend Relevanc e TheoriesAccording to Gallagher Andrew (2007) dividend relevance theories are as follows:The Clientele Dividend TheoryThe clientele dividend theory is based on the view tat investors are attracted to a particular company in part because of its dividend policy. For example, young investors just starting out may want their portfolios to grow in value from capital gains rather than from dividends, so they seek out companies that retain earnings instead of paying dividends. Stock prices tend to increase as earnings are retained and the resulting capital gain is not taxed until the stock is sold.Older investors, in contrast, may want to live off the income their portfolios provide. They would ten to seek out companies that pay high dividends rather than reinvesting for growth. According to the clientele dividend theory, each company therefore has its own clientele of investors who hold the stock in part because of its dividend policy.If the clientele theory is valid, then it doesnt muc h matter what a companys dividend policy is as long as it has one and sticks to it. If the policy is changed, the clientele that liked the old policy will probably sell their stock. A new clientele will buy the stock based on the firms new policy. When a dividend policy change is contemplated, managers must ask whether the effect of the new clienteles buying will outweigh the effects of the old clienteles selling. The new clientele cannot be sure that the most recent dividend policy implemented will be repeated in the future.The Signaling Dividend TheoryThe signaling dividend theory is based on the premise that the management of a company knows more about the future financial prospects of the firm than do the stockholders. According to this theory, if a company declares a dividend larger than that anticipated by the market, this will be interpreted as a signal that the future financial prospects of the firm are brighter than expected. Investors presume that management would not have raised the dividend if it did not think that this higher dividend could be maintained. As a result of this inferred signal of good times ahead, investors buy more stock, causing a jump in the stock price.Conversely, if a company cuts it dividend, the market takes this as a signal that management expects poor earnings and does not believe that the current dividend can be maintained. In other words, a dividend cut signals bad times ahead for the business. The market price of the stock drops when the firm announces a lower dividend because investors sell their stock in anticipation of future financial trouble for the firm. If a firms managers believe in the signaling theory, they will always be wary of the message their dividend decision may send to investors. Even if the firm has some attractive investment opportunities that could be financed with retained earnings, management may seek alternative financing to avoid cutting the dividend that may send an unfavorable signal to the mark et.The Bird-in-the-Hand TheoryThe bird-in-the-hand theory claims that stockholders prefer to receive dividends instead of having earnings reinvested in the firm on their behalf. Although stockholders should expect to receive benefits in the form of higher future stock prices when earnings are retained and reinvested in their company, there is uncertainty about whether the benefits will actually be realized. However, if the stockholders were to receive the earnings now, in the form of dividends, they could invest them now in whatever they desired. In other words, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.If the bird-in-the-hand theory is correct then the stocks of companies that pay relatively high dividends will be more popular and therefore will have relatively higher stock prices than stocks of companies that reinvest their earnings.2.1.2 Dividend Irrelevance TheoriesDividend irrelevance theories are as follows (Gallagher ; Andrew 2007):The Residual Theory of DividendsThe residu al theory of dividend is widely known. The theory hypothesize the amount of dividends should not be the focus of the company. Instead, the primary issue should be to determine the amount of earning the firm should retain within the firm for investment. The amount of earnings retained, according to this view, depends on the number and size of acceptable capital budgeting projects and the amount of earnings available to finance the equity portion of the funds needed to pay for these projects. Any earnings left after these projects have been funded are paid out in dividends because dividends arise from residual or leftover earnings, the theory is called the residual theory.The residual theory focuses on the optimal use of earnings generated from the perspective of the firm itself. This may appeal to some, but ignores stockholders preferences about the regularity of and the amount of dividend payments. If a firm follows the residual theory, when earnings are large and the acceptable cap ital budgeting projects small and few, dividends will be large. Conversely, when earnings are small and many large acceptable projects are waiting to be financed, there may be no dividends if the residual theory is applied. The dividend payments will be erratic and the amounts will be unpredictable.Modigliani and Millers Dividend TheoryFranco Modigliani and Merton miller (commonly referred as M;M) theorized in 1961 that dividend policy is irrelevant. Given some simplifying assumptions, M;M showed how the value of a company is determined by the income produced from its assets, not by its dividend policy. According to the M;M dividend theory, the way a firms income is distributed (in the form of future capital gains or current dividends) doesnt affect the overall value of the firm. Stockholders are indifferent as to whether they receive their return on their investment in the firms stock from capital gains or dividends so dividends dont matter.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Overs eas ManufacturingManufacturing at overseas certainly saves cost of production in some degree due to cheap labor and material cost but it has its advantages and disadvantages for overseas manufacturing.2.2.1 Advantages of Overseas ManufacturingEase and Speed of Distribution: Manufacturing in overseas shortening the distance between the original location of manufacturer and its distribution market (if the manufacturer has its markets around the region of the considered location). For example, when Nike manufacturer from United States manufactures in Malaysia, they have greater ease and speed of transportation for goods and people to other Asian markets. Besides that, transportation and shipping cost may be reduced due to a shorter distance for shipping and distribution.Cost Savings: In less-developed countries, labor cost is cheaper than developing and developed countries. It is estimated that a company that manufactures in less-developed country can cut costs by between 30% and 80% d epending on how labor intensive the product is. Besides that, material cost is also cheaper compared to developed countries too.Gain in Efficiencies and Economies of Scale: Besides that, in the long run, manufacturing overseas can gain efficiencies and economies of scale which will assist in reducing unit cost as output increases. Moreover, the initial investment of capital may be spread over an increasing number of units of output and therefore the marginal cost of producing a good or services decreases as production increases.Low Capital Costs: Low capital cost is one of the advantages that encourages manufacturing overseas. The cost of capital in developing or developed countries is higher than the cost of capital in less-developed countries.Incentives for Manufacturing: Some of the less developed countries encourage overseas manufacturers to invest or manufacture in their country. In order to attract manufacturers, these less-developed countries do offer incentives for the manuf acturers. For example, Penang has offered incentive to Motorola from USA in order to attract them to manufacture at Penang.2.2.2 Disadvantages of Overseas ManufacturingQuality of Production Suffers: Cheap labor is an advantage for cost savings. Inversely, it reduces the quality of the products as cheap labors usually produce less quality productions. Therefore, the products will suffer in quality as most of the cheap labors are unskilled or semi-skilled. Indirectly, the manufacturer may lose its customers due to the production of less quality products.Time Consuming: When an organization wants to manufacture in overseas, the organization has to analyze and comprehend the considered location and also the facilities available around the setting up area. The analysis and comprehension takes considerable time to complete in order to have a perfect set up in overseas. Therefore it spends considerable time and energy to understand the considered location (Sweeney N.D.).Complexity: To oper ate oversea is not as easy as locally. Most of the manufacturers have adapted to their own manufacturing culture and therefore adapting to another manufacturing environment would be difficult for them to familiarize with it. First of all, language may be a barrier, for example, it is difficult to communicate with the South Americans labors if we are not familiar with Latin (Sweeney N.D.). Besides that, finance, tax, and labor laws will be different and must be understood (Sweeney N.D.). Sweeney (N.D.) stated that, understanding national cultures and subcultures are important for any activity as manufacturers have to deal with government and private sector people and especially selling into the market.Brand Risks: Nowadays, consumers are perceived where the product is made from. The production location is a factor that will affect the brand image and reputation. For example, consumers would prefer a product made in USA rather than made in China. If the manufacturer produces in Bangla desh it may more or less affect their images as some of the consumers believe that products from developed countries are much better than less-developed countries and therefore the image and reputation of the brand may suffer.Availability of Expertise: The availability of expertise is one of the factors that should be considered when organization seeks to manufacture overseas. Less developed countries may not provide the expertise in the fields required.Long Start Up Time: It is not easy for manufacturer to start up their manufacturing process. To manufacture in a smooth way requires time. It usually requires a considerable of long time start up and familiarize.3.0 Debt ; Equity Financing3.1 Equity FinancingEquity financing is a method to acquire capital that involves selling a partial interest in the company to investors (Brian 1990). In return of the money paid, shareholders receive ownership interests in the corporation (Brian 1990).3.1.1 Pros and Cons of Equity Financing3.1.2 Pr os of Equity FinancingThe advantages of equity finance are:Commitment of Funds: The funding is committed to the business and intended projects. Investors only realize their investment if the business is doing well (eg. through flotation or a sale to new investors).Vested Interest: Investors have the same interest that is to keep the business going on well and generate maximum profits which leads to an increase in the value of the business.Follow-up Funding: When business grows, investors are often prepared to provide follow-up funding.(Source of reference:businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES;itemId=1073789573)Wider Pool of Finance: When company is listed in stock exchanged, the company has the access to wider pool of finance.Quality Products: The owners will pay proper attention for improving the quality of products. The reason is the appropriate of quality product goes to them.No Interest Cost: No payment of interest for the funds provided by the shareholders. The cost of production remains low as there is no burden of interest.Earning Remains with the Firm: When funds provided by shareholders for improvement in the business are making profits, the earnings are remained with the owners. Earnings are not shared by the creditors.To Tide over Emergencies: Firm is in a better position to tide over recession period and other emergencies due to no burden of rate of interest.Ability to borrow: Borrowing ability is improved if the equity capital is financed well.(Source of Reference: blurtit.com/q303144.html)Sources of Skills and Experiences: Good investors can bring resources for the business. They can help one to get skilled people, right contacts to build the business. They might also help out with their own experience in the formation of the strategy or with decision making.No Obligation for Repayment: No obligation for the repayment of the finances in the initial phase of the business when the cash flow is quite slow. Whereas, in bank loans the re are severe obligations and penalties in case a business fails to generate monthly interests and make the monthly payments to the bank.(Sources of Reference:freewarefiles.com/techfi/Advantages_of_Equity_Financing.html)Pledge No Assets: Corporation does not have to pledge their assets as collateral to obtain equity investments.Availability of Cash: Business will have more cash available due to no debt payments have to be made.(Source of reference:http://forums.forbes.com/forbes/board/message?board.id=entreforum;message.id=399)3.1.3 Cons of Equity FinancingThe disadvantages of equity finance are:Costly and Time Consuming: Raising equity finance is costly and time-consuming. Business may suffer as times are devoted to the deal. Potential investors will seek background information on owner and his business and they will closely scrutinize past results and forecasts and will delve the management team.Interference in Management: The equity investors can interfere in the management of th e company and in addition they also have the voting rights which could influent the making of major decisions.Extra Effort to Provide Information: Founder will have to invest management time to provide regular information for the investor to monitor the situation of the business.Share Dilution: Founders share in the business will be diluted which means lessen in strength. Besides that, businesss profits will be shared by other equity investors.Legal and Regulatory Compliance: There can be legal and regulatory issues to comply with when raising finance (eg. when promoting investments).(Source of Reference;businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES;itemId=1073789573)Limitation of Control: Founders must give up some control of the business. If investors have different perceptions and ideas about the companys strategic direction or day-to-day operations, they can pose problems for the entrepreneur.(Source of Reference: answers.com/equity+Financing?cat=biz-fin)No Tax Deductio n: Dividend payments are not tax deductible.(Source of Reference:http://forums.forbes.com/forbes/board/message?board.id=entreforummessage.id=399)3.2 Debt FinancingAccording to (answers.com/debt+financing?cat=biz-fin) debt financing is a strategy that involves borrowing money from a lender or investor which the full amount will be repaid in the future usually with interest within a certain period. It asserted that it does not include any provision for ownership of the company. Debt financing has a prior claim on the company irrespective of the profits earned despite the company goes into liquidation (Joseph 2008).3.2.1 Pros and Cons of Debt Financing3.2.2 Pros of Debt FinancingMaintain ownership: The debt holder cannot interfere in the management of the company and they do not have the voting rights. Therefore, business can be run without outside interferenceTax deductions: Principal and interest payments on a business loan are classified as business expenses and thus tax deductible. It also lowers the actual cost of the loan to the company.Lower interest rate: There is a lower interest rate of debt financing when interest rate is lower than tax rate (where the business can take a loan and have a deduction on tax rather than high interest rate).(Source of Reference: http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/financing/a/debtfinancing.htm)No Complex Procedures Required: Debt financing is easier to obtain than equity financing. Raising debt capital is less complicated because the company is not required to comply with state and federal securities laws and regulations.No Profits Sharing: Profits of company are not shared with the lenders who require capital appreciation and dividends on their investments.Forecasting: Interest and principal payments are typically a know amount that can be forecast.(Source of Reference: job-employment-guide.com/business-financing.html)No Extra Rewards: Debt holders are entitled only to repayment of the agreed-upon principal of the loan plus interest and have no direct claim on future profits of the business if the company has made extra profits.Saving Management Time: Company does not have to send periodic mailings to large numbers of investors, hold periodic meetings with shareholders and seek the vote of shareholders before taking certain actions.(Source of Reference: http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/banking_financing/be1_5debtvsequity.html) David H. Schwartz3.2.3 Cons of Debt FinancingRepayment: Sole obligation to the lender is to make payments on time. If the business fails, the company still has to make payments. If business goes into bankruptcy, lenders will have claim to repayment before any equity investors.Impacts Credit Rating: It seems to be attractive to keep bringing on debt when company needs money, a practice known as levering up, but each loan will be noted on your credit rating. The more borrowings, the higher the risk to the lender and the higher interest rate the company will have to pay.Cash and Col lateral: The company is usually required to pledge assets of the company to the lender as collateral, and owners of the company are in some cases required to personally guarantee repayment of the loan.(Source of Reference:http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/financing/a/debtfinancing.htm)Difficulty in Business Growth: Interest is a fixed cost which raises the companys break-even point. High interest costs during difficult financial periods can increase the risk of insolvency. Companies that have large amounts of debt as compared to equity often find it difficult to grow because of the high cost of servicing the debt.Restrictions on Activities: Debt instruments often contain restrictions on the companys activities, preventing management from pursuing alternative financing options and non-core business opportunities which results in losing of other investment opportunities.(Source of Reference:http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/banking_financing/be1_5debtvsequity.html)3.3 Consideration Fac tors for Sources of FinanceEquity financing and debt financing is the option for a company that needs financing. Each company is unique and they have their own financing requirements and therefore, it is inappropriate to determine any one of the financing methods is the best option for companies. There are certain factors that a company needs to consider before choosing the right financing method:The size of the company: Larger companies may obtain financing by equity financing due to the needs of wider pool of finance for company growth (Joseph 2008). However for smaller companies, debt financing is much easier to obtain because its not easy to reach the status of public limited company and the issuance cost of equity finance is unaffordable by smaller companies (Joseph 2008).The ability to generate cash flow: This relies upon the operations of the company (Joseph 2008). If the company is able to generate enough cash flow, the company may seek debt financing because debt financing requires cash make frequent repayment of interest and principal (Joseph 2008).Any Restrictive Covenants: If the company is restricted by the lender from subsequent borrowings, equity financing is more appropriate due to the bindings against the company.The Cost of Financing: The cost of financing for debt financing is cheaper than equity financing due to the debt financer is exposed to lesser risk and he is entitled for prior claim in the companys profits and interest payable are tax deductible (which means actual cost of debt is lesser) (Joseph 2008).The Duration of Borrowing: The longer the duration, the interest rate charged on the borrower will be higher (Joseph 2008).The Current Gearing Level: If a company has a high gearing level, it is the best to go for equity financing whilst if a company has a low gearing level, they can go for debt financing (Joseph 2008).4.0 ConclusionNot every dividend policy suits a company. When deciding on how much dividend should be distributed to t heir investors, factors such as legal constraints, contractual constraints and etcetera have to considered to obtain the most suitable and appropriate dividend policy for better financing.Factors that affect dividend policy can be incorporated in several dividend theories such as residual dividends theory, clientele theory, signalling dividend theory, bird-in-the-hand theory and Modigliani Miller dividend theory. These theories can be classified into dividend relevance theory where its dividend policy will affect on companys value and cost of capital and dividend irrelevance theory where its dividend will not affect on companys value and cost of capital.Overseas manufacturing gains advantages such as cost savings and economies of scale. Inversely, it also has other effects such as no expertise available and also time consuming for starting a new factory.Companys capital structure can be financed through debt financing and equity financing. These are the strategies that a company ca n get its fund. However, these two strategies have their own advantages and disadvantages. When implementing any of those strategies, factors such as size of the company, ability to generate cash flow, current gearing level and other factors have to be considered in order to have the most suitable strategy to finance the organization.

102 MLA Style and Peer Review Professor Ramos Blog

102 MLA Style and Peer Review Quick Write Quick Write He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves, and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist is our helper. – Edmund Burke Write for two minutes on this quote. MLA Style Why do we cite sources in academic writing? Establishes credibility. A road map. Scholarship is an ongoing conversation. It gives credit. Acknowledges those that contributed to your ideas. We will be going over the 8th edition MLA citation Style. You can look under our  resources page  for MLA or APA guides. There are three things to consider for each style guide you use: Page Formatting In-Text Citations /References Page In-Text Citation Also called parenthetical citations. One Author: (Ramos 1) Two Authors: (Smith and Ramos 1) Three or more Authors: (Ramos et al. 1) Peer Review Argument –  a reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong. Remember, an argument uses reasons and evidence to persuade. Have you provided enough reasons and evidence to convince us that a) the problem is clear, and b) the proposed solution makes sense? This is the first of many peer reviews. Keep these things in mind. Peer edit the same way you revise your own work. Be specific in identifying problems or opportunities. Offer suggestions for improvement. Praise what is genuinely good in the paper. For the Proposal, make sure you: Define the problem Recognize an audience Create, explain, and justify a plan of action. Persuade readers of the problem and proposed solution. Problem Solution Example â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story† by  Chimamanda Adichie. To quote a  CNN article on the Danger of a Single Story: Nigerian author Chimamanda Adichie believes in the power of stories, and warns that hearing only one about a people or nation leads to ignorance. She says the truth is revealed by many tales. She illustrates this with a story about coming to the United States, as a middle-class daughter of a professor and an administrator, and meeting her college roommate. Adichie says that her roommate’s â€Å"default position toward me, as an African, was a kind of patronizing, well-meaning, pity. My roommate had a single story of Africa. A single story of catastrophe.† Adichie also tells how growing up in Nigeria reading only American and English children’s books made her deaf to her authentic voice. As a child, she wrote about such things as blue-eyed white children eating apples, thinking brown skin and mangos had no place in literature. That changed as she discovered African writers, particularly the Nigerian Chinua Achebe. This is a great quote that highlights some of the moves we need to do in our article. It summarizes her topic, problem she is addressing, and solution; including examples she uses. Topic:  Many people do not realize that they are getting only one story. A single story is incomplete and she says dangerous. Problem:  Having a single story about an issue or group of people leads to stereotypes and incomplete information. Solution:  To look for multiple stories of whatever issue or topic you are hearing. She recommends we get our news and stories from multiple perspectives. Reasons and evidence:  She gives examples from her personal life to highlight that she has a personal connection. Background:  She gives background information, citing quotes and examples that place her issue in a historical context. She also uses current examples to place the issue in a contemporary context. Quick Write What is your plan of action for revising your essay?

Integrated management final presentation on MTV PowerPoint

Integrated management final on MTV - PowerPoint Presentation Example MTV emerged as a platform for record labels to advertise their music on a global scale. Many artists owed their rapid rise in the music industry to MTV. In the initial stages it was the medium of choice to communicate with the youth. MTV came into being on August 1, 1981. It was to replicate to music the effect of ESPN on sports. With its introduction of the video, it transformed the music industry (Stolpmann 2 – 4). These videos were very good sources of advertisement, and were as important as the record itself. In fact, the popularity of Madonna and other stars was chiefly due to these brief video clips. Thus, MTV virtually symbolized the pop culture. It has 72 channels in 140 nations and was broadcast in more than 32 languages. The 1992, MTV Rock the Vote event brought together candidates and a new generation of voters. Even Bill Clinton, the then presidential candidate participated in a live interview on MTV, while his competitor George Bush declined to do so. Clinton’s triumph was attributed by many to his making a favorable impression upon the young voters, via MTV (Paoletta 46 – 48). VJs, artists and participants in reality shows procured a celebrity status, courtesy of MTV. Anecdotally, the term video jockey or VJ was created by MTV. Many genres of music, like grunge and pop owed their success to MTV. Some of the artists and bands that benefitted from this initiative were, Britney Spears, Nirvana, Gorillaz and to some extent Michael Jackson. Several controversial but socially relevant shows were broadcast by MTV. Some instances being, Teen Mom, and 16 and pregnant. The detractors of these programs accused MTV of corrupting the youth, whereas the more liberal minded believed that major problems of society, such as teenage mothers were finally being addressed in an open manner (Davidson 112 – 113). MTV has tremendous reach, with regard to the

The Job Satisfaction in Hasbro Company Case Study - 20

The Job Satisfaction in Hasbro Company - Case Study Example The job satisfaction in the company will depend on how the mission statements of the company will help the employers in achieving their profit levels and also their personal enhancement. At Hasbro, there are two sets of people working on designing the games. One who focuses on the traditional methods and are happy with their routine jobs. The other set is the innovators who develop new strategies to the existing games in order to make it more appealing. Thus, the satisfaction level depends on the type of job the person is engaged in. People like Peaches Belanger are the company loyalists who are happy with their existing pattern of routine jobs. They take pride in owning a job and develop a sense of belonging to their company. The company can increase their pay scales, provide them with additional perks and benefit and acknowledge their work in the company to increase their job satisfaction level. Rob Daviau’s job satisfaction level is more than that of Peaches Belanger though the latter’s is more dedicated towards the company. This can be explained using Locke’s Value Discrepancy Theory. This theory explains that satisfaction in a job results from the satisfaction of the desires than from the deprived needs (Singh, p.259). Daviau’s sought to introduce changes in the existing standard of the games that were manufactured by the company. He was satisfied with the fact that there were very few game planners like him in the entire country. This personal feeling helps in boosting the job satisfaction in a person and his overall performance.

Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing - Research Paper Example As Pete, the new Managing Director, points out customers do not find even venue enticing anymore. Before shops are given a fresh look to make them more attractive, it is essential to decide which class of the customers, the company wants to target at – such as business class or young couples who want to pass leisure time or ‘as a local community store working closely with neighbourhood partners as Pete points out. Kotler describes ‘product positioning’ as an essential marketing tool to carve a suitable niche as the company cannot hope to serve all segments of the market simultaneously. Product positioning will also help decide advertising campaign and brand positioning keeping in mind the targeted class of customers using scarce resources most judiciously. As Kotler emphasizes that the company needs to shift its focus on buyer wants rather than its needs. Product differentiation is a key strategy that the Roast needs to adopt in its services, product offerings with numerous varieties in its menu so that customers have several options to choose from. Thus, distinguishing company’s product line from the competition is a key marketing strategy that can play a pivotal role to attract targeted customers. Services also play an important role in differentiating with the competition so the company must focus on it as an integral part of the product differentiation strategy. Employees are considered the biggest asset in any organization and they play a pivotal role in success or failure of any organization (Schofield, 2006).

Back Belts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Back Belts - Article Example In spite of knowing that radiation has definite and pronounced, long-term, serious after effects, why after all it’s use is approved to continue, even in the most advanced countries? Obviously, because it is a life saving technique. Similarly to use or not to use DDT is not a matter of option for the underdeveloped countries; it is rather a matter of survival for them. Since there is no replacer available at this point in time, we can not afford to wait (Ban DDT) till tomorrow. When someone is drowning, it is no time to tell him or her, how to swim. Background DDT, â€Å"dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a white crystalline powder along with many other synonyms (Safety Data)†, had been effectively used in preventive control of Malaria, a disease spread by the vector mosquito. It saved thousands of lives but contrarily it polluted the environment right from the depth of lakes to the peaks of mountains through fish and birds of prey, having residues of DDT. Toxicological s tudies have found it hazardous to the health of humans and to that of fauna and flora too. In consideration of serious potentials like being carcinogenic-Cancer producing, Its Use had been banned in USA and many other countries. However, it has renewed the spread of disease and malaria is at large, once again.

Discuss and critically assess the assertion that the role of marketing Essay

Discuss and critically assess the assertion that the role of marketing - Essay Example The essay will go on to compare whether marketing has a more functional rather than strategic role in the era of modern marketing and how this is reflected in modern marketing strategies in the modern corporate world. The Marketing concept entails the philosophy that firms should be able to analyse consumer needs and then make any decisions to satisfy those needs (Nakata.C.2002). The concept is fairly new and only found its way into modern business philosophy after the Second World War. (Nakata.C.2002). However even in the 18th century economists like Adam Smith in his book the wealth of nations 1776 were of view that needs of the producers should only be viewed in sync with the needs of the consumers (Nakata.C.2002). There has been much academic consensus that the role of marketing is often viewed from too narrow a perspective. (Anttila 2002, Anderson 1982).This assertion then begs the question as to what is the comprehensive perspective of the marketing concept. Thus it would seem that the wider role of marketing synthesizes a variety of particular skills and practices learned as well as resources created "translating the philosophy into specific business strategies in order to achieve competitive advantages and superior performance".Antilla 2002). Strategic planning, is how an organisation defines its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. (Schultz 1994).The concept of marketing on the other hand has come a long way. As long back as 1910 there was "a period of conceptualization" for marketing and it was celebrated as "matter in motion". (Robert 1976) During the following decades the concept of marketing then integrated and developed and it was given agreed that the functional institutional commodity analysis of marketing was unsatisfactory and a definition of marketing evolved (Robert 1976). Marketing as a necessity for all stages of production Selling gets differentiated from marketing by the fact that selling is only done when a product is made available on the shelf within a retail outlet while marketing starts right at the beginning as early as the idea is conceived or being developed (Orpen, 1985).This contention above alone would demonstrate how marketing has penetrated the earlier stages of production and how it has become indispensable for making the strategies succeed. (Anderson 1982)All this however also entails that the narrow, specialist approach to marketing would weaken the strategic planning itself.(Anderson 1982,Shiner 1998) Marketing as an integral and strategic part of the general management orientation In the understanding of the role of marketing vis a vis strategic planning a much seasoned approach would be to assess the relationship between the two before passing a judgment on the role of modern marketing. As I have mentioned before strategic planning concerns the "direction of business"(Robert 1976) as regarding its production, output finance and operations. Where does marketing fit in then Marketing will fill in the gap and solidify the strategic

Back Belts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Back Belts - Article Example In spite of knowing that radiation has definite and pronounced, long-term, serious after effects, why after all it’s use is approved to continue, even in the most advanced countries? Obviously, because it is a life saving technique. Similarly to use or not to use DDT is not a matter of option for the underdeveloped countries; it is rather a matter of survival for them. Since there is no replacer available at this point in time, we can not afford to wait (Ban DDT) till tomorrow. When someone is drowning, it is no time to tell him or her, how to swim. Background DDT, â€Å"dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a white crystalline powder along with many other synonyms (Safety Data)†, had been effectively used in preventive control of Malaria, a disease spread by the vector mosquito. It saved thousands of lives but contrarily it polluted the environment right from the depth of lakes to the peaks of mountains through fish and birds of prey, having residues of DDT. Toxicological s tudies have found it hazardous to the health of humans and to that of fauna and flora too. In consideration of serious potentials like being carcinogenic-Cancer producing, Its Use had been banned in USA and many other countries. However, it has renewed the spread of disease and malaria is at large, once again.

Sample Adolescence Movie Paper, school age , early childhood Essay

Sample Adolescence Movie Paper, school age , early childhood - Essay Example The school he attends has programs that allow the children who are of the same age to play together and avails toys for them to play with. They have several play sessions both indoors and outdoors so that they can be able to explore and develop in a wholesome manner. The different sessions in their daily routine are also punctuated by breaks that allow them to feed on snacks as well as have a chance to visit the bathroom. This breaks are scheduled in a regular manner so that the children are not engaged in a particularly activity for too long to make them lose their interest in it. Garvin is four years old and has dark soft hair with round eyes and a pale complexion. He seems like a social and outgoing boy who is not shy compared to the other children who are in his class. At the beginning of the observation, Garvin is standing next to a desk in class together with three other children while some tubs of blocks are on the table before them. Garvin carefully looks at the girl next to him as he stretches forward and picks a block from the table. He moves to the side of the table where the block is nearest to the edge and picks it before the girl could pick it and goes round the table to the spot where he was initially standing. This shows the development of a gender schema which can be said to be a cognitive framework that allows the organization of information that is relevant to gender therefore making children come up with rules concerning what is appropriate for girls and boys (Feldman 252). He starts rolling the block from one side of the table to the other and stretches to clear the items that were on the table so that he can show the rest of the children what he was doing. He continues doing this while making sure that they children who are with him at the table see what he is doing. Soon he moves around the room to find a different toy to play with and leaves the blocks for the children who were with him at the

Progressive Era and Gilded Age Essay Example for Free

Progressive Era and Gilded Age Essay In Walter Nugent’s book Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction, he claims Progressivism emerged as a response to the Gilded Age, an unfortunate era that left the average working Americans poor while a new class of wealthier people started to rise. Nugent explains to us the breakdown of Progressivism and what occurred when it struck our nation. Progressivism began to come together in the end of the 1800s due to the ills of American Society that had developed during the great spurt of industrial growth. It shaped and progressed from 1900 to 1917 and finally started to disappear from 1917 to the early 1920s. Nugent claims Progressivism emerged as a response to the Gilded Age, an unfortunate era that left the average working Americans poor while a new class of wealthier people started to rise. For once, Americans sensed change in their society. Some change for the good but most of it for the worse. Nugent talks about how cities began growing up faster than the blink of an eye. The railroad companies started to turn into monopolies. Unfortunately, more problems started to rise in America other than this one. The rich became wealthier and the poor became poorer. The nation had also previously faced a serious recession from 1893-1896, and recovery did not actually really begin until 1897. Other factors that occurred during the progressive era: prostitution and alcohol abuse, the great railroad strike of 1877, and the Homestead Strike. The main progressive leaders, such as, Theodore Roosevelt, William Jennings Bryan, and Woodrow Wilson stepped in to make a difference. Theodore Roosevelt claimed he backed up the middle class and showed no mercy toward monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson accomplished many things such as: the 16th amendment which modified the structure of taxation, demolishing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to dissolve trust so the railroads would not create a complete monopoly in the North West part of the country, the 18th amendment which banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, and the passing of the Woman’s Suffrage Act in 1920 which allowed women to have larger roles in issues with our society. However, according to Nugent, reformers such as Jane Addams, W. E. B DuBois, and Booker T. Washington also had a huge impact on the Progressive Era as well. Addams founded settlement houses like the famous Hull House, where immigrants and the poor resided. The Hull- House also showed change could come without overthrowing the political and economic system. DuBois, head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped to reduce discrimination. Nugent later describes what occurred in America when Progressivism slowly started to die out. It considered to have ended with the outbreak of the First World War. The war left over 53,000 killed in combat while 63,000 died from other causes. A Flu pandemic also struck which killed roughly 600,000 Americans. In conclusion the progressive era had rough times. Although not everything turned out completely successful, it did put America in the position it needed to be in in order to achieve success.

Vinegar as a Rust Remover | Experiment

Vinegar as a Rust Remover | Experiment Abstract Despite the vast research regarding rusting, still many people do not recognize the harmful effect it can to environment and to take precaution measure to avoid or prevent rusting. Results of study show U.S. had to spend total $276 billion, approximately 3.1% of the nations Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for corrosion direct cost. Therefore, these study is to find optional of artificial way to remove rusting from any other metal. For my research, I choose vinegar as a substance that has the potential to remove the rust stain from metal due to presence of acid in its content. Vinegar is easy to be obtained and usually use as households. I choose three different types of vinegar brands and analyzed its percentage by mass of acetic acid using acid-base titration technique. Then, I test the strength of each vinegar on rate of removing rust on rusted iron nail by removing the rust form. After that, I compare which vinegar has the highest rate of removing rust compared to its percentage by mass of acetic acid. As the result, I found out that different type of vinegar has different percentage by mass of acetic acid. But my experiment shows that, the higher percentage of acetic mass in the vinegar content, does not always lead to high rate of rust stain removal. These maybe due to my limitation of the research because I assumed that only acetic acid in vinegar reacts with the iron(III) oxide. Still, my research able to prove that vinegar can act as a potential rust stain remover but in low degree because acetic acid is weak acid. My research could help and provide people an easy way to remove rust from their accessories as vinegar could be easily obtained. 1. Introduction Vinegar can be define as a sour liquid obtained by result through acetic fermentation of dilute alcoholic liquids and used as a condiment or preservative. Aside from utilized widely, vinegar also can accommodate more than one purpose which usually used to enhance food taste. Vinegar is made through two stage of biological processes. These distinct process resulted from the action of innocuous microorganisms. In these process, yeast and Acetobacter is used to convert sugars (carbohydrates) into acetic acid. The first stage of process is called alcoholic fermentation. It occurs when yeasts convert natural sugars to alcohol under controlled conditions. In the second stage of process, Acetobacter which is a group of bacteria, changes the alcohol resulted from alcoholic fermentation to acid. This is the acid fermentation that forms vinegar. Since vinegar can be made from anything with sugar, there are probably too many variants to count made in countries throughout the world.[1](Kellen, 2 005, Vinegar Institute Site) Rust is define as the red or orange coating that forms on the surface of iron when exposed to air and moisture surroundings, consisting mass of ferric hydroxide. These ferric oxide is formed through oxidation. Rust forms due to the reaction of oxygen dissolved in dihydrogen monoxide(water) with iron. Rust also can be known or called as corrosion of metal.[2] (Holleman, Wiberg, 2001 Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego) Rust is a general term to describe several different oxides that formed when an iron undergo corrosion. Some of the oxides are Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, FeO(OH), and Fe2O3.H2O. The prevalent rust that can be found is a reddish-brown, Fe2O3.H2O. The oxygen in the air dissolve in water and promote the rust to start to compose. The rust also can be determine as an electrochemical process. The process of exchange of electrons (electricity) is conducted by chemical reactions in part of the electrical circuit. The surface of metal that exposed to electrolyte will undergo series of chemical reactions. Oxidation reactions (corrosion) occur at the surface of the anode while reduction reactions occur at the surface of the cathode.[3] (Jones, Denny (1996)  Principles and Prevention of Corrosion.) By observation, we could descried that rust occurs very easily because the presence of air and water or wet condition virtually presence anywhere. We could see around ourselves rusting is occur greatly. Rust changes steel into a different material, one that is impuissant or weaker than the original steel. Rusting is a immensely colossal problembecause so many things people use every day are made out of steel, like cars, bicycles, trucks, bridges, roofs, holding tanks, machinery, nuts, and bolts. When these objects are unprotected and exposed to water, they rust, and this damage can costs a lot of money. Rust also dangerous to human because a rusting iron nail can cause health issue such as tetanus if the iron nail pierce to human skin. Yet steel perpetuates to be widely used because it has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Also known as the best of all the common building materials. In addition, it is non-flammable, resistant to mold and termites, does not expand or contract und er temperature changes, and can be made with a consistent quality.[4] (Miller, L. (2003, July 31).  Corrosion). Therefore, we must take alert and precaution about rusting of these iron metal. The topic that be investigated in this extended essay is about rusting or corrosion and the way to prevent rust. Thus, my research question is to analyse the percentage by mass of acetic acid in different type of vinegar brands by using titration method and to investigate the potential of vinegar as rust stain remover. Therefore, my extended essay required two experimental procedures. My hypothesis for first experiment is that different types of vinegars have different percentage by mass of acetic acid. If the result of experiment one parallel with my hypothesis, second experiment could be carried out which is to investigate the potential of vinegar as rust stain remover. My hypothesis for second experiment is that the higher the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar, the more efficient the vinegar to act as rust stain remover. The significant of my research is to investigate a cheapest and easiest way to remove rust. In this research, I choose vinegar as the potential method to remove stain rust because vinegar contain acetic acid . Vinegar could be easily found and present almost in every living house. Because acid is corrosive, it occur to me that the acid could corrode the rust stain from metal. To test the validity of my statement, a research and experimental procedure is carried out to justify the validity of my research question. The chosen area of study is rusting since my experiment focus more on rusting. These experiments included several methods such as acid base titration. Vinegar is acidic. Therefore, it will be titrated with base solutions, sodium hydroxide. The titration method is carried out to find the volume of base needed to neutralize the acid solution of vinegar. These method is essential for the experiment to find the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. Second method is rusting of iron nail. I could not choose any random iron nail to conduct my experiment because the result will not be accurate and precise as they could have different degree of rusting. Therefore, I buy iron nails that not rusted yet and undergo experimental procedure for the iron nails to rust under constant condition. These method needed to carry out so that the iron nails undergo rusting in constant activity. Then, the iron nails could be tested with the vinegar. In my experiment, I used some instrument from the chemistry laboratory. The instruments I used is pH meter. The pH meter is used to find the pH of different type of vinegar. I also use burette which is necessary for the titration method. The burette is used to find the volume of base needed to neutralise the acidic solution. I also used electronic balance to weigh the iron nails initial mass before in undergo rusting and the final mass after the iron nails undergo rusting. Stopwatch is used to record the time taken for the acid to remove the rust stain. *Due to some error, all the pictures for the experiment have loss. 2. Methodology: 2.1 Variables and method of controlling variables Variable type:  Independent Variable:  Different type of vinegar brands Method of controlling:  By using vinegar of different brands for the experiment. Variable type:  Dependent Variable:  Volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralize acid solution Method of controlling:  By measured the volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralize acid solution using burette. Variable type:  Controlled Variable:  Volume of vinegar used Method of controlling:  Fixed the amount of vinegar is used for the experiment which is 2.0 ml. Variable:  temperature Method of controlling:  The experiment is conducted in same room Variable:  Volume of distilled water added Method of controlling:  Fixed the amount of volume distilled water added in the vinegar. Add phenolphthalein Method of controlling:  By adding 3 drops phenolphthalein to every vinegar solution in conical flask during experiment. Variable:  Concentration of sodium hydroxide Method of controlling:  By fixed the concentration of sodium hydroxide used which is 1.0 M. Table 1 : Variables for experiment to determine the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegars Variable type Variable Method of controlling Independent Type of vinegar used By using vinegar of different brands for the experiment. Dependent Time taken to remove the rust stain By recorded the time taken for different type of vinegars to remove the rust stain on the iron nail using stop watch. Controlled Type of metal By using the same metal throughout the experiment which is iron nail. Temperature The experiment is conducted in same room Using same electronic balance By using the same electronic balance to weigh the mass of iron nail. Time for iron to rust Fixed the time for the iron to rust which is 7 days or i week Using same stopwatch By fixed the type of stopwatch used to record the time taken. Table 2 : Variables for experiment to determine the time taken for the vinegars to remove rust 2.2 Methodology for neutralisation process To find the percentage by of acetic acid in different types of vinegar brands, a neutralisation process follow the standard procedure is carries out. First , the apparatus is set up . The burette is clamped on the retort stand. Then, 2.0 ml of vinegar is measured using measuring cylinder. An empty conical flask is weighed. Then 2.0 ml vinegar which is Earth Brand is poured in the conical flask. The conical flask is weighed again. This procedure has to be carried out to find the mass of 2.0 ml of vinegar assumed that different vinegars has different density. After that, 48.0 ml of distilled water is measured using measuring cylinder. Then, the distilled water is mixed with the vinegar in the conical flask. This procedure has to be carried out because vinegar is very concentrated so dilution process has to be done. The pH mater is used to find the pH value of vinegars. After mixed, the initial weight of vinegar with conical flask is measured using weighing balance. Then , sodium hydroxide is filled in the burette. The conical flask is placed under the burette. 3 drops of phenolphthalein is added into the diluted vinegar. The neutralisation process is started as soon the alkali is added into the conical flask. The sodium hydroxide is assumed to only react with the acetic acid presence in the vinegar. The conical flask is swirled gently. The initial colour for the acidic solution is colourless. As the acid solution undergo titration, the colour change from colourless to pale pink colour. The end of titration is indicated when the mixture remains in pale pink colour. The titration process is stopped. The volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise 2.0 ml of vinegar is recorded and final weight of vinegar with conical flask is weighed. The experiment above is repeated twice to get the average reading of volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise the acid solution. All the data is recorded in the table. The experiment procedure above is then repeated using different type of vinegar which is Yeos and Jalen. Burette,  ±0.05 cm3 Different vinegar brands (Jalen, Yeos, Earth Brand) Beaker,  ±0.5 Conical flask , ±0.5 Retort stand and clamp Pipette and ph meter Phenolphathalein Weighing balance ,  ±0.0001 Sodium hydroxide (1.0 molar) Rod and distilled water 2.3 Methodology for rusting process and rust stain removal This experimental procedure is carried out because it is hard to determine the degree of rusting of any random metal. Therefore, I fixed the type of metal use which is iron nails and the time left for iron to rust which is approximately 7 day (1 week) . The materials is ready and apparatus needed is set up. The initial mass of each iron nail is weighed and the data is recorded. The 5 iron nails is marked such as iron nail A, iron nail B and consecutively by using a small piece of paper attached to each nail. Then , a mineral bottle is cut to get the bottom part of mineral bottle and form a cup like. Then, the cup is filled with small amount of tap water. All iron nails is dipped in the water and left to be exposed to air in the laboratory for seven days. After seven days , all iron nails are take out from the bottle. Then, each iron nail which already rusted now is weighed again to get mass of rust with the iron nail. The mass of rust formed on each iron nail is found by subtracted the final weight of iron nail with its initial weigh. Then, the average mass of rust formed is calculated. All the data of the experiment is recorded in a table. The experiment above is repeated twice. The process to remove rust stain is carried out. Vinegar is inserted into a transparent cup. The rusted iron nail is immersed into the cup contained vinegar. The reaction is observed. The time taken for the iron rust to be remove completely by the vinegar from the iron nail is recorded by using stopwatch. The same procedure done to all 5 iron nails . The average time taken needed to remove the rust is calculated. The data and result is tabulated. The experiment above is repeated using different type of vinegars. Apparatus and materials Burette,  ±0.05 cm3 Beaker,  ±0.5 Bottle cup Different vinegar brands (Jalen, Yeos, Earth Brand) Conical flask , ±0.5 Measuring cylinder,  ±0.05 Weighing balance ,  ±0.0001 5 Iron nails Distilled water 3. Data collection and processing 3.1 Data collection and processing for experiment   Quantitative data Type of vinegar brand Weight of empty conical flask (g)  ±0.0001 Weight of 2.0 ml of vinegar with conical flask (g)  ±0.0001 Mass of vinegar  ±0.0002 (g) Earth Brand Qualitative data The initial colour of vinegar and sodium hydroxide is colourless. The colour of vinegar solution remains colourless even after phenolphthalein is added. When the mixture undergo titration process, the mixture remains colourless but when the end point of titration reach, the colour of mixture turns from colourless to pale pink. Equation for the neutralization process = CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) Calculation of percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegars. 1. Earth Brand Calculate number of moles for NaOH = MV 1000 (32.54 ml of NaOH solution added x 1.0 molar of NaOH) 1000 = 0.03254 moles of NaOH uncertainties =( 0.05/ 32.54) x 100% = 0.15 % CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) From the equation , the acetic acid in vinegar reacts with sodium hydroxide in a 1:1 ratio. 1 mole of acetic acid reacts with 1 mole of sodium hydroxide to for 1 mole of sodium acetate and 1 mole of water. Thus, 0.03254 mole of acetic acid reacts with 0.03254 mole of sodium hydroxide to form 0.03254 mole of sodium acetate and 0.03254 mole of water. Calculate the amount of acetic acid in Earth Brand. Therefore, Molecular mass calculation: 12.0107 + 1.00794*3 + 12.0107 + 15.9994 + 15.9994 + 1.00794 = 60.05196 g/mol To find the mass of acetic acid in vinegar is given by the formula number of mole x molar mass of acetic acid Thus, 0.03254 moles x 60.05196 g/mol = 1.954 g of acetic acid  ± 0.15 % To calculate the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar (Earth Brand): Mass of vinegar use= 2.2837 g uncertainties = (0.0001/2.2837) x 100% = 0.0044 % mass of acetic acid in vinegar = 1.9540 g The percentage by mass of acetic acid =(1.9540/2.2837 ) x 100 = 85.56 % uncertainties = 0.0044 + 0.15 = 0.1544 % Therefore, the percentage by mass of acetic acid in Earth Brand is = 85.56 %  ± 0.15 % The method of calculation of percentage by mass of acetic acid for other vinegars is same with the calculation above. Therefore, the result for the calculation is tabulated. Discussion The 2.0 volume for vinegar used needed to be weighed to find the mass of vinegar as I assumed the density for vinegar is different from density of water. From the result, it shows that different vinegars has different density, therefore different vinegars will have different mass of 2.00 volume used. I also assumed that during neutralisation process, the sodium hydroxide will only reacts with the acetic acid presence in the vinegar. Based on the result , it shows that different type of vinegar brands has different percentage by mass of acetic acid of vinegar of different brands. Jalen has the highest percentage by mass of acetic acid followed by Earth Brand and Yeos. These explained that why different vinegars have different ph value. Acetic acid is weak acid. The higher the percentage by mass of acetic acid, the lower the pH value of the vinegar. Hypothesis for experiment one is accepted. Different type of vinegar has different percentage of acetic acid of vinegar. Thus, experiment two can be conducted. 3.2 Data collection and processing for experiment 2 Quantitative data The iron nail pale brown in colour while the tap water and the vinegar is colourless. When the iron nail is left in the bottle cup, there is no immediate reaction occured. After several hours, a reddish brown substance start to appear around the iron nail. After several days more reddish brown substance deposited around the iron nail like coated it. When the iron is immersed in vinegar inside a cup bottle, bubble formed and the reddish brown substance fall off from the iron nail. The colour of vinegar turned slightly from colourless to pale reddish and the reddish substances settle at the bottom of the cup bottle. Later, it dissolve in the vinegar. 4. Processed result Discussion To put in a simple words, rusting is the corrosion of iron and readily occurs in the metal in the presence of water , oxygen and iron. The formation of a reddish brown substance like which appeared and adheres to the iron nail is called rust. Based on the research, it shows that vinegar could serve as one of the substance that can remove rust stain on metal due to the presence of acid. From the experiment , It clearly shows that different vinegar has different degree of removing the rust stain because due to different percentage by mass of acetic acid in the different type of vinegars. After rusting process occurs on the iron nail, the iron nail weighed more. These is because rust  forms when iron metal is oxidized by oxygen in the presence of water . Iron oxide is another term for rust. Iron oxide as a molecule and consist of three elements which is of iron with oxygen and water. From the result obtained based on the experiment, it shows that the rust form is originally mass from the iron but the mass of oxygen and water comes from the atmosphere. When the rust form on the iron nail, the mass of iron rust increased by the mass of oxygen and water that combined with the iron. Therefore, iron nail weight more after rusting process occurs due to addition of these elements from atmosphere. In the presence of oxygen and water, Reduction half equation: 4e- + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) > 4OH-(aq) The tip or the head component of iron nail is easily oxidised. The crystal lattice of iron is distorted and the iron atoms will be facilely oxidised. Oxidation half equation: 2Fe(s) > 2Fe2+(aq) + 4e- Therefore the overall net equation for the chemical reaction is 2Fe(s) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) > 2Fe2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) The process continue. After that, the Fe2+ and OH- ions will move and diffuse through the water. When both ions meet they will react to produce precipitate which iron (II) hydroxide , Fe(OH)2 .These iron (II) hydroxide then will be further oxidise to iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3 and will be dehydrated to produce rust. Chemical equation for rusting process : 2Fe(s) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) > 2Fe2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) > Fe(OH)2(s) Fe(OH)2(s) + O2 > Fe(OH)3(s) Fe(OH)3(s) dehydrates > Fe2O3.nH2O(s) or rust Therefore, the chemical formula for rust is Fe2O3.nH2O(s) [5] (Loh Wai Leng,Tan Yin Toon,Tan On Tin, 2011, oxidation and reduction) Acetic acid is a weak acid that presence in vinegar. Vinegar works well than other strong acid because the presence of weak acid. Therefore, it will less attack the iron nail itself. Strong acid will corrode both the rust stain and the iron nail. To prevent that, substance with weak acid is preferable. When the iron nail with rust is soaked into the vinegar containing acid, the rust on iron nail will dissolve and loosen. The crumbly hydrated iron oxide will form a soluble salt, in these reaction between acetic acid and iron(III) oxide, it will formed iron acetate. Equation of reaction between acetic acid and rust: 6CH3COOH(l) + Fe2O3 (s) > 2Fe(CH3COO)3 (s) + 3H2O (l) and ferric acetate, Fe(CH3COO)3 is water soluble. However, the hypothesis for my second experiment is rejected. Clearly from the experiment above, it shows there is no directly proportional relationship between percentage of mass of acetic acid in vinegar and rate of removing rust. Jalen has the highest percentage of mass of acetic acid followed by Earth Brand and Yeos but Earth Brand shows the highest rate of removing rust followed by Jalen and Yeos. There, my experiment has limitation which lead to these result. After the experiment, I accidentally left the iron nail that already washed with vinegar in the cup bottle. I found out that the rusting on iron nail occur more faster by the day. I concluded myself that acid actually can remove the rust stain from the nail but in the same time it also promote rusting. The surface of iron nail will clean after the rust stain is remove and let the iron nail exposed to acid. Somehow, acid will react on the surface of iron nail. Further research could be done to investigate the after effect of acid after removing the rust stain. 5. Conclusion This research show that each vinegar has it own percentage by mass of acetic acid in each and every different type of vinegar. From the experiment and calculation, it shows that the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar brands of Earth Brand, yeos and Jalen accordingly is 85.56%, 83.68% and 92.20%. The difference of percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar resulted the difference in the vinegar taste and the pH value. The experiment shows that there is not much significant difference of percentage by mass of acetic acid in different type of vinegar brands. The vinegars used in the experiment is the product of Malaysia . Different result may show if I test of the products of other country. These difference of percentage of acetic acid in different type of vinegar, effect the result obtained in experiment two. The hypothesis for experiment one is accepted. These research also shows that vinegar could serve as a potentially rust stain remover but in low degree because acetic acid presence in vinegar is a weak acid. Still, it could be use safely because the acidic concentration is not harmful and vinegar is easy to obtain rather than any other applications. However , from the result obtain, it shows that the higher the percentage of acetic acid in vinegar, does not always cause higher rate of rust stain removal. Jalen has the highest percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar followed by Earth Brand and Yeos which is 92.20%, 85.56% and 83.68% respectively. But the experiment shows that the vinegar that has the highest degree of rust stain removal is Earth Brand followed by Jalen and Yeos which is 0.0049gs-1, 0.0044gs-1 and 0.0043gs-1 second respectively. Therefore I could conclude that , Earth Brand is a better rust stain remover Yeos and Jalen , but Jalen is better than yeos. Even though there is no not much significant difference, but it effected the overall result. Therefore, the hypothesis for the second experiment is not accepted. There is several reason why these result obtained. Maybe there is another substance that presence in the vinegar, react with the rust stain on iron nail which can affect the result because I assumed that the rust stain will only react with the acetic acid presence in vinegar. Further research could be conducted to explain and determine the problem. The other reason may cause due to limitation that will be discuss later. However ,these research able to prove that there is difference of percentage by mass of acetic acid in different type of vinegar and vinegar can act as a potentially rust stain remover . But due to weak acid presence in vinegar, vinegar could only remove rust stain that only form only on surface of metal . It cannot remove the rust that has been deeper into metal . Overall, I can conclude from the experiment that different vinegar has different percentage by mass of acetic acid and vinegar is a highly potential rust stain remover. 6. Evaluation Throughout the experiment there are several limitations that can affect the result of the experiment. During the titration process, The colour of acidic solution which is vinegar, will change from colourless to pale pink at the end of titration process. The perception of colour change will affect the result. It is hard to determine what the exact pale pink colour that need to be achieve. In order to overcome this problem, a controlled conical flask containing acid solution when end point of titration which colour is pale pink should be put beside the set up apparatus so that the person would know what exactly pale pink colour they need to reach. pH meter also can be used to fixed the pH value needed. Another problem that could effect the result is when weighing the weight of iron nail after the rust is formed. Rust that is formed for several days only appear on the surface of the iron nail. Therefore, when removing the iron nail to be weighed, the rust from the surface of iron nail could drop. Even a slight drop of rust from the iron nail, could cause the result obtained will not be accurate . Therefore, to overcome these problem, during the formation of rust, the iron nails should be left on the electronic balance. So, the iron nail does not have to be removed and rust will not fall off. The result obtained will be more precise. Another problem that could arise is when removing the rust from iron nail using vinegar. In these experiment, I assumed that, only acetic acid in vinegar will react with the rust on the iron nail. So that my hypothesis could be achieved. But it turn out my hypothesis is invalid. It could be that other substances presence in the vinegar, will react with the rust on the iron nail. After all, vinegar consist more than one substance. these problem can be overcome by doing some further research. Lastly, the after effect of the experiment. Acid can remove rust stain but the chemical reaction between acid and the surface of iron nail, can increase the rate of rusting of iron nail. Corrosion in acid solutions is much more rapid than in neutral solutions, and the latter is more rapid than in alkaline solutions.[6](Frank N. Neller,2004, Corrosion Facts). Therefore to solve the problem, after washed the iron nail to remove the rust, the iron nail need to place in boil water for a while. Therefore, no after chemical reaction will occur. Thus, rusting will not occur.