Abc Term

Chapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities 1. What is the market value of a $1,000 face-value bond with a 10 percent coupon rate when the market's rate of return is 9 percent? Answer:More than its face value. 2. If an investor may have to sell a bond prior to maturity and interest rates have risen since the bond was purchased, the investor is exposed to __________. Answer:interest rate risk 3. Beta Budget Brooms will pay a big $2 dividend next year on its common stock, which is currently selling at $50 per share. What is the market's required return on this investment if the dividend is expected to grow at 5% forever? Answer:9% 4.If a coupon bond sells at a large discount from par, then which of the following relationships holds true? (P0 > represents the price of a bond and YTM is the bond's yield to maturity. ) Answer:P0 ; par and YTM ; the coupon rate. 5. Market interest rates and the prices of bonds in the secondary market: Answer:generally move in opposite directions. 6. A $250 face value share of preferred stock pays a $20 annual dividend and investors require a 7% return on this investment. If the security is currently selling for $276, what is the difference (overvaluation) between its intrinsic and market value (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)?Answer:Approximately $10. 7. Which of the following accurately describes the behavior of bond prices? Answer:If interest rates rise so that the market required rate of return increases, the bond's price will fall. Chapter 5: Risk and Return 8. The firm of Sun and Moon purchased a share of Acme. com common stock exactly one year ago for $45. During the past year the common stock paid an annual dividend of $2. 40. The firm sold the security today for $85. What is the rate of return the firm has earned? Answer: 94. 2%. Return is over the two-year period and includes both dividends and capital gains. Return = [($2. 0) + ($85 – $45)] / $45 = 94. 2% 9. The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribu tion to the mean of that distribution is referred to as __________. Answer:coefficient of variation 10. Clive Rodney Megabucks offers friend, Melanie, an interesting gamble involving giving her the choice of the contents in one of two sealed, identical-looking boxes. One box has $20,000 in cash and the second has nothing inside. There is an equal probability that the chosen box contains cash versus nothing. Melanie states that she would not call off the gamble if you offered her a certain $10,999 instead of her choice of box.However, she would be indifferent if $11,000 was offered in place of the risky gamble; and she would definitely take $11,001 to call off the gamble. We would describe Melanie as __________ in this instance. Answer: having a risk preference 11. Which of the following portfolio statistics statements is correct? Answer:A portfolio's expected return is a simple weighted average of expected returns of the individual securities comprising the portfolio. 12. __________ is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements. It is avoidable through diversification. Answer:Unsystematic risk 3. What is the beta for an average risk security? What is the beta for a Treasury bill? Answer:1; 0. Chapter 20: Long-Term Debt, Preferred Stock, and Common Stock 14. The sinking fund retirement of a bond issue takes __________. Answer: two forms — (1) the corporation purchases bonds in the open market and delivers a given number of bonds to the trustee; or (2) the corporation pays cash to the trustee, who in turn calls the bonds for redemption. By Memory 15. A proposed project has normal cash flows. In other words, there is an up-front cost followed over time by a series of positive cash flows.The project’s internal rate of return is 12 percent and its WACC is 10 percent. Which of the following statements is most correct? Answer:The project’s MIRR is greater than 10 percent but less than 12 percent. ( In actual exam question, you have to solve and get the answer. ) 16. Project S costs $15,000 and is expected to produce cash flows of $4,500 per year for 5 years. Project L costs $37,500 and is expected to produce cash flows of $11,100 per year for 5 years. Calculate the two projects’ NPVs, IRRs and MIRR assuming a cost of capital of 14%. 3 questions. NPV IRR MIRR 17. Answer:Step 1:Determine the PMT: 2% 0 1 10 | | | -1,000 PMT PMT With a financial calculator, input N = 10, I = 12, PV = -1000, and FV = 0 to obtain PMT = $176. 98. Step 2:Calculate the project’s MIRR: 10% 012910 ||| || 1. 10 -1,000176. 98176. 98176. 98176. 98 194. 68 . (1. 10)8 . (1. 10)9 . 379. 37 417. 31 1,00010. 93% = MIRRTV = 2,820. 61 FV of inflows: With a financial calculator, input N = 10, I = 10, PV = 0, and PMT = -176. 98 to obtain FV = $2,820. 61. Then input N = 10, PV = -1000, PMT = 0, and FV = 2820. 61 to obtain I = MIRR = 10. 93%.

Savvy by Ingrid Law

Savvy by Ingrid Law. Cover Illustration by Terese Dikun. Dial Books, 2008. Ages 12 and up. Savvy is a story about an unusual family, the Beaumonts, whose family members awaken powers – coined savvy – at the age of 13. The Baumont’s sons, for example, can cause hurricanes and sparks with their savvies. The novel begins with Mibs, the youngest of the Beaumont clan, as she nears the eve of her 13th birthday and is excited to discover what her savvy would be. However, tragedy strikes a mere two days before her 13th birthday as Poppa, the Beaumont patriarch, figures in a terrible accident 90 miles away from home. What ensues is an extraordinary adventure fueled by Mibs’ unwavering belief that her savvy would be able to save Poppa. Riding a pink rickety bus and accompanied by her two brothers and the preacher’s kids, Mibs embarks on a journey to awaken her savvy and prove she can save the day. Ultimately, Savvy is a story about growing up and coming to know and accept oneself and others. It teaches about learning and seeing beyond appearances and appreciating what is skin deep. Savvy is a wondrous tale of hope, love, and redemption. The novel bridges the idea that each and every individual is very special, with unique gifts that make that person unique. Ingrid Law craftily manages to incorporate all of these into a concise yet elegantly written novel while still making the story and the characterization a priority, resulting in a book that leaves the reader filled with all sorts of wonderful emotions even after turning over that last page.

Extinction of Certain Species

In the late century, extinction becomes common topic in our daily discussion and debates. An average of 27,000 species is currently extinct each year and there is a possibility of 22% of extinction in the overall species if action is not taken. Animal extinction is due to human immorality and irresponsible behavior just for their own benefits. Since the year 1600, a total of 83 mammals species are known to have become extinct. Wildlife population depleted the trade in live animals, damaged habitats and the countless animals of suffering. Wildlife International, 2008) Apart from that, animal is a good source to make traditional medicine. For example, Chinese believes that snake galls are good to cure diseases and strengthen immune system of the body. Sometimes, human thoughts are powerful which may kill many innocent animals. According to Jeanette McDermott, the book of Bear Muze stated that every year, approximately 10,000 Asiatic black bears are locked in cages the size of their own bodies just to have their bile drained and sold the use in traditional medicine.Besides, many ocean mammals are suffering due to the business benefits. For example, Chinese culture like to consume shark fin soup as part of the cuisine. Businessman will take the advantage to hunt shark fin for money because of its high demand. An organization devoted to preserve marine life, Ocean Environment, stated in Asian Geographic(Nov-Dec 2008) that shark fin soup prized as a delicacy in Chinese cuisine. It is becoming un-cool to consume because 90% of the sharks are un-finned while alive thrown into the sea.

Selfe refelaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selfe refelaction paper - Essay Example Based on the discussions undertaken in this course, students learned that child counseling is a way of giving children the kind of assistance they need to develop in a holistic and healthy approach. It provides them guidance in properly adapting to the various life circumstances. It allows them to grow properly within a complex environment. Child counseling is no easy task because it certainly needs a special kind of knowledge and skill in attending to the needs of the kids, entering their delicate world, and connecting to them. It has been learned as well that as a child counselor, it is vital that the counselor recognizes and understands the importance of the children, and respects this importance to further comprehend the child situation of every child. The very nature of counseling—providing guidance and advices for future decision making process—makes it usually confused with psychotherapy, but counseling and psychotherapy are actually different. Psychotherapy pert ains to a wider range of providing treatment and is usually concerned in emotional issues and complexities. As the name implies, psychotherapy involves psychological methods of ascertaining the root cause of the problem and deeper understanding of the child’s emotional problems (Henderson & Thompson, 2010). Counseling, on the other hand, is the more specialized kind of treatment and assistance as it centers on a more specific circumstances. Counseling is sometimes provided as an additional assistance to patients who undergo the psychotherapy process. Unlike the psychotherapy process, counseling focuses more on the behavior pattern of the patient and is usually a short treatment. Psychotherapy, on the contrary, is a longer treatment with the client. Counseling can help children in many ways, especially in treating impacts of any abuse in the past. Through proper counseling, the sufferings of the children who have had endured an abuse—emotional, physical, sexual—i n the past can be healed. The point of counseling is definitely not to remove all the sufferings of a child, but to help that child understand and accept his or her sufferings. It is quite not possible to remove all the sufferings of a child because suffering itself is deeply rooted in a child’s system that it has already become part of the child’s life. The various circumstances that make a child suffer would always be part of his or her past and the child’s definition of who he or she really is. If counseling means removing all the sufferings, then it is like removing those parts of a child’s life that define him or her further. Hence, the pain remains in the suffering child while the suffering child is becoming a stranger to him or herself. Real counseling must not aim to remove these sufferings. Instead, real counseling must help suffering people to become aware and sensitive of their miseries to learn their own stories and rediscover themselves. In t his course, the students learned that it is very essential for a counselor to have a compassionate heart to listen to the stories of the patient. Listening is very important in the process of healing because it is not only the counselor who learns about the sufferings of people, but people themselves learn about their very own sufferings that eventually helps them understand their circumstances and accepts their present, and only then, I can effectively suggest directions to go. This course also assisted in realizing that the concept of defense

Paraphrriase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Paraphrriase - Essay Example All of these objectives and goals have been decided and chosen through an extensive training needs assessment (appendix one) that was carried out during the planning and processing of the training package. The needs assessment result shows that participants are aware of the new policy and the factors leading to formulating such policies. Furthermore, the result highlights the high motivation of the employees for the new procedure in workplace and its effects on the quality of work. In addition to needs assessment, the formulation of training goals has been carried out in reference to Collection and Assembly of Medical Records policy, procedure number 123.2011. In each session, the trainers provide information about performing such tasks, supply relevant forms and guidelines, and illustrate the reporting system in case of any deficiencies. All participants are encouraged to work in teams to discuss a certain issue during the training sessions. They have to work on similar make-believe hospital information system to make sure that all the relevant steps involved in tracking files and printing out lists are fully covered and illustrated during the computer lab session. Presentation is usually conducted by a subject expert and can be presented at various locations (McNamara, 2009). Under this training package, two presentations will be conducted, both in theatre number 111, as the theatre has required facilities such as computer, projector, and speakerphones. The presentations will be divided according to the topic and will incorporate question and answer session. Presentations will be handed out to the participants for reference. Coaching is a useful learning method, plenty of which will be provided during the training time. It includes sessions where trainer will coach and teach participants to perform different tasks by demonstrating them (McNamara, 2009). Afterwards, the participants will have to perform

Laws of Gay Marriage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Laws of Gay Marriage - Term Paper Example Homosexuality has been practiced by the ancient Romans and Greek people. Although there is a lot of subjectivity about gay marriages in those cultures, as homosexual people have not been provided with as much freedom and liberty to get married until recently, yet literature review suggests that the practice of homosexuality has always been there. Even the term â€Å"homosexuality† was not used before 1869 (McKinnon 1). Ancient Romans and Greeks considered homosexuality a normal practice. Many Greek philosophers including Aristotle, Plato and Socrates had male sexual partners. â€Å"It was common practice for a male to take on a young boy as his lover until he reached maturity where he would, in turn, take on another young boy as his lover† (McKinnon 1). Similarly, there exist accounts of the Native Americans in the literature of the North Americans, who had adopted the â€Å"Berdache† lifestyle in which people of one gender used to dress like people of the opposi te gender, and dated people from the same gender. The reason this practice did not become much stigmatized was that the couples were apparently heterosexuals. Homosexuality has been condemned by a lot of religions. A review of various religious scriptures suggests that homosexuality has been abhorred. Some religious scriptures have mentioned very strict punishments for people indulging in this act. Particularly, the Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Judaism as well as Islam have condemned the act of homosexuality. In the Bible and Quran, there is a detailed discussion of a nation known as â€Å"the people of Lut† who were indulged in the practice of homosexuality. Prophet Lut (P.B.U.H.) warned the people not to do it, but the people would not listen. Quran describes homosexuality as a practice that crosses the limits of God Almighty. Quran quotes Prophet Lut (P.B.U.H.) in these words, â€Å"Doa ye commit lewdness such as no people in creation (ever) committed before you? For ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women: ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds† (Qur'an 7:80-81 cited in â€Å"Isla m and Homosexuality†).

Intro to business Past exam paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intro to business Past exam paper - Coursework Example It includes variables like suppliers, customers, competitors and public. On the other hand, macro factors are those that have an indirect impact on the business, also known as PESTEL. It includes factors that create opportunities and threats to business and is categorized as the far environment. These include variables such as political, environmental, socio-cultural, technological, economic and legal. (ii) The purpose of macro environment analysis is to determine the opportunities and threats to the farming industry as a whole and those outside the control of the company. External factors that affected the agricultural industry includes economic, technological, socio-cultural, environmental and political. All factors were considered as they play a part in determining the overall business environment. Economic factors include inflation rate, growth in spending power, exchange rates and economic growth. Opportunities can be that higher national income growth may boost demand for a fir m's products and chances for expansion increases. On the other hand, a strong currency may make exporting more difficult as prices in terms of foreign currency rises. Also inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees and raise costs. With respect to technological factors, internet played a crucial role and gave way to online orders and delivery systems. Opportunities in the future may include complex operational systems installation that may cut down on labor costs, improve quality and lead to new innovations and make it attractive as a segment. Threats can be the probable advancement of technology making prior systems obsolete. Socio- cultural factors played an equally important role in farming industry. Change in trends where consumers demand for fresh products provided business opportunities to farmers and provide scope for innovation. Entertainment dimension added onto the development of this industry. However, trends changes and there exist a niche market that deman ds such products which might get concentrated. This can thus pose as a threat to agricultural industry. In Environmental factors, Physical factors of climate relief and soils affected the business positively. With major climate changes and greater environmental awareness this external factor is becomes a significant issue for firms to consider. However, going for environmental friendly products and processes can create business opportunities now and in the future as well. Threats can be Laws on waste disposal, energy consumption, pollution monitoring etc. that would add to the cost of the businesses operating. 2. (i) Two main sources of U.K. laws include Legislation (Statue Law), Common Law (Judge-made Law) and the European Communities law. Legislation are most authoritative and passed by parliament whereas common law includes cases where there was no judicial precedent but which were known to exist since time memorial. Company law, or corporate law, of U.K. can be broken down into two main fields. Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders, employees, creditors and directors. Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options of incorporators the above mention laws can directly affect the operations of Ford Company in UK. (ii) There are broadly four types of business ownership. The most basic form is sole proprietorship. It is owned by one person who is the in charge of day-to-day activities of the business and owns all the assets and bears

Why was democracy facing collapse in the wake of the Great War Research Paper

Why was democracy facing collapse in the wake of the Great War - Research Paper Example Although it was meant to make the world safe for democracy from the destruction that millions of civilians recruited for the war experienced and lost their lives, some empires collapsed and some civilians were left homeless from the civil war, the western economies, trade patterns and flow of goods were interfered in the regions.1 In the long run, the democracy struggled for, faced numerous obstacles in operation and seemed unsafe in application with the consequences of the war. The introduction of democracy in most nations involved in the First World War had not strongly been established, and their effectiveness was not appreciated by the people being governed within the short period. Instead, they opted for the former autocratic leadership, which between the WW1 and WW2 some forms of government that exercised full control of the people, the society, and state affairs were formed in some states that failed to retain democracy. According to Brym and Lie, the aftermath of the war, within 1922 to 1942 under the totalitarian rule, 2/3 of the world’s democracies failed because of the communists, fascists and military movements. 2The rule suppressed the rights and will of the people to express themselves in all activities, including occupational, social, and political affairs. Germans, Italians, and Russians democracies were overthrown by the totalitarian or authoritarian rules that imposed dictatorship in the states. In Germany, where the political leadership has a long history of shifts between democracy and dictatorship, the social democratic party that had led to the establishment of the first democratic constitution and government was undermined by the existing legislative house, the reaction of the people due its signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, and further by the rebellions from the communists. 3 The national socialists (Nazis) later got the opportunity

Financial Reporting and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Essay Example This principle can also be termed as accrual basis accounting. c) Purchase for store equipment or office equipment for less than $25 are entered in miscellaneous expenses. The matching principle is followed here. Expenses and revenues have to be matched if it becomes reasonable to do so. Expenses should be recognized when a particular work or product contributes to revenue. It is not when the work is done or when the product is produced. Income is recognized the same way with the expenses whether it is earned, incurred and received or spent. Consistency is enhanced through this principle. f) Land purchased 15 years ago for $40500 and now worth $346 000 is still carried in the books at $40500 on the basis of the historical cost principle. Land is a long term asset and should be reported in the balance sheet at its purchase cost rather than its current market value. This principle is based It should be based on the cost of acqusation. The information provided by this principle is reliable although lacks relevance and that the reason why Debts and Securities are now being reported at their market values. g) Zero corporation reports the possible loss of $1 million after it was sued for breach of contract in accordance with the principle of full disclosure. This principle ensures that all the important financial information is fully included in financial statements. This principle is important since it ensures that a company reflects even negative information and also highlighting positive impacts (Gibson, 2008). When the financial statements are audited, an opinion is expressed, the opinion of the auditor should be expressed on the opinion that generally accepted accounting principles are followed and applied on the basis of consistency as they were applied in the preceding year (Ramos, 2006). Unqualified opinion –this type of an opinion has no financial statements

Occurrence of distress Essay Example for Free

Occurrence of distress Essay According to Bandura (1976), depression arises from frightful events that are anticipated rather than those that have occurred or are occurring. Hence, any person’s solution to depression is to plan in advance so that the events that occur are taken to be normal, with no adverse impacts. In much the same way, Beck’s theory highlights the future as a cause of anxiety among individuals. Beck (1971) noted that individuals who look at the future with diminished hope are likely to achieve little in their lives and live under perpetual fear. In addition, such individuals are prone to committing errors in their work and are full of negative beliefs about whatever they do. Random thoughts and distortion of thinking In relation to Bandura’s social cognitive theory, people act the way they do because of the patterns of thought and emotional reactions that they develop. Hence, the ability to tackle distressing events skillfully is vital in fending off conditions of depression. Bandura (2006) opined that random thoughts could make people to perceive some tasks to be too tedious, while the same thoughts can also make some people develop an urge to take more diverse and difficult tasks. Therefore, people’s performance in various tasks depends on how well their pattern of thought functions. This pattern of thought is nothing but the organization of the mind at any time in readiness for work. Bandura noted that individuals who are well prepared to work accomplish their tasks fast and derive much satisfaction. The converse is true for individuals who lack vigor and are always outdone by difficult situations. Seemingly supporting Bandura’s idea is a point in the description of Beck’s theory, which says that people usually have schemas of distress in their mind albeit in a latent state. Hence, if an individual if provoked, the schema becomes engaged and the person becomes irritated. Nevertheless, the level of irritation or depression depends on the character of the person involved. In this perspective, Beck (1979) noted that depression is usually a systematic dysfunction of the mind that leads to the development of negative opinions about oneself, other people or the environments, and the future. Further distortion of thinking hinders proper development of concepts in the mind and leads to depression. Comparing the two theories with reference to depression, it is notable that distress or depression arises among people because of failure to properly coordinate the faculties of their minds. Whilst adults are more affected by depression, both theories recommend that training children to overcome depression should be done early enough in order to avoid future occurrences of the problem. Inasmuch as the triads used as models for Bandura’s Cognitive Theory and Beck’s Cognitive Theory have different constituents, the arguments and illustrations to elucidate both theories seem to be unified in the context of behavior, personality, character and so on. Nonetheless, the two theories still portray differences, which are discussed in the next sessions.

Julius Caesar and John Locke’s Treatise of government

Julius Caesar and John Locke’s Treatise of government Julius Caesar and John Locke’s Treatise of government. Explain the John Locke’s conspiracys reasons for taking action. In conversing Lockes Two Treatises of Government, Locke sets out his own perspective and arguments the complete power of the king to function without the agreement of the people. The main purpose of Locke’s second treatise is to sketch the suitable form for a society and government and to elucidate why his plan was suitable. Locke speaks that the only purpose for having a control is to protect the usual rights that people must enjoy simply due to the fact that they are mortal. However, when a rà ©gime or king (in this situation of Charles II), fails its individuals, the people are constrained to upheaval and start the rightful king (William, the Great Restorer). Thus, Locke inscribed his second treatise, in part, to show his backing for William III as king. (Locke and Laslett) Explain any relevant concepts discussed by Locke (civil government dissolution of government) Locke asserts that genuine administration is based on the notion of separation of powers. Main and leading of these is the legislative influence. Locke defines the governmental power as best (Two Treatises2.149) in consuming final power over â€Å"how the power for the state shall be engaged† (2.143). The government is still destined by the rule of natural surroundings and much of what it does is set down rules that additionally the objectives of normal law and identify appropriate sentences for them (2.135). The decision-making power is then indicted with enforcing the law as it is practical in explicit cases. Captivatingly, Locke’s third power is named the â€Å"federative power† and it contains the right to act globally conferring to the law of nature. If we relate Locke’s preparation of parting of influences to the advanced ideas of Montesquieu, we understand that they are not as diverse as they may originally seem. Locke’s federative control and the legal power as apprehensive with the local execution of the laws Locke’s policymaking power, it is more than a terminology than the thoughts that have altered. Locke deliberated arresting a person, trying an individual, and penalizing a individual as all part of the purpose of executing the rule rather than as a separate function. The concept of an â€Å"appeal to heaven† is a significant idea in Locke’s believes. Locke accepts that people, when they leave the public of nature, make a government with some sort of constituents that stipulates which bodies are allowed to exercise which commands. Locke also undertakes that these authorities will be used to defend the rights of the individuals and to endorse the community good. In cases where there is a argument between the individuals and the government about whether the government is satisfying its duties, there is no advanced social authority to which one can appeal. The only plea left, for Locke, is the plea to God. The â€Å"appeal to heaven,† consequently, involves taking up arms against your opponent and letting God judge who is in the right. A clear position on how Locke would assess the conspiracy according to those concepts Lockes theory of confrontation does not rest on on the legal fiction, of direct majority rule; actually the philosophy of resistance originates from the right of civilization to society a government which is sanctioned by the assent of the majority, which places genuine responsibilities on all members of society, and which functions for community good. The utmost danger to harmony and accord in culture — primary to its disaggregation — is an unlawful modification of its lawmaking that leaves no familiar authority. Confrontation to unlawful administration act is meant to anticipate this possibility. Where this confrontation is too little or too late we need to regulate the conditions in which it is still defensible, despite a lack of former vigilance, though we must suppose that late and incomplete action may demonstrate to be ineffective. It is the failure of government that defends resistance and, henceforth, legitimate confrontation is reliant on upon an precise, judicious and just valuation of governments activities. Evaluation of the decision how Locke would kill Caesar and how he would judge the actions of such characters as Caesar, Brutus, Cassius, and Mark Antony. (Direct textual analysis of both works.) In Shakespeare’sJulius Caesar, Brutus’s killing of Julius Caesar is an ethically vague event. Therefore, we under no circumstances truly know whether we must back Brutus or Caesar because, while Brutus is labelled as a decent man who is performing in the welfares of the average Roman, Caesar enjoys traits that Shakespeare has made able to be understood as strong and good or as tyrannical. In the play, (Shakespeare) Brutus is exemplified as the honorable Roman with Marc Antony, his opponent, shouting him â€Å"the noblest Roman of them all.†(5.5.69) since of this point, if Brutus had been the one to propose the murder of Caesar, the murder could be deliberated an ethical, essential act. But it was Cassius, not Brutus, who originated up with the idea. Cassius’s cautious operation of Brutus is the basis of the act, meaning that, from the start, the idea was unreliable. Even when Brutus states â€Å"Let us be sacrifices, but not butchers†(2.1.167), which must be understood as him trying to take a additional moral path, he moreover embraces â€Å"Let’s carve him as a dish fit for the gods†(2.1.174), which exemplifies the fact that, good intents or not, the collaborators are still arguing murder, and mutilation at that. While Shakespeare is able to demonstrate murder, the worst likely action, as probably the ethical path, what regulates th e spectator’s opinion of the entire play is one query: In the public, can assassination ever be reflected the ethically right option? The response, according to the theorists Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and many others is no, it cannot ever be measured ethical. These thinkers’ views can preeminently be shortened by a quote from Locke’sSecond Treatise on Government, that â€Å"all mankind being all equivalent and sovereign, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or belongings†, which comprises that murder is thought to be measured completely incorrect. While this quote, one of the establishing principles of our own state, is totally against assassination, I believe that, in our flawed world, it is tough to say an act is individually incorrect and that there doesn’t be even one situation that homicide could be measured the finest option. Though the quote is individually against killing, it also includes â€Å"liberty† as somewhat that â€Å"ought not to be damage[ed]†, which, as oppressors typically infringe upon rights, brings up the query: When two of these mo rals oppose, what should do we do? I believe while Brutus and the plotters have good intents that could cause the killing to be tolerated, they do not, in my observance, have the essential circumstances. The plotters’ belief that Caesar will become a oppressor, and that preventive action is necessary to protect Rome, is founded upon many expectations. And in this case, when homicide is the preventive action, I think expectations, right or wrong, aren’t sufficient to defend a killing, but undisputable proof of Caesar’s oppression is essential. While I do not wholly agree with the absolutist declaration of Locke and Rousseau that killing is individually depraved and is not ever the best choice, I do trust that the individual or people anticipating killing a single need to have the best of purposes and undisputable evidence to support the motive for the decision. While murder can never be measured a good action, it will continuously be spoiled for good motives, it can be measured the best way of act in that it may be used to defuse proven oppressors and other persons that, if gone in our world, may cause the deaths and grief of many more person. In the case ofJulius Caesar, the conspirators’ movements cannot be reflected ethical or defensible because they required undisputable proof that Caesar was an oppressor and consequently required the necessary state in which murder could be accepted as a essential action. Bibliography: Locke, John, and Peter Laslett. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Print. Shakespeare, William, and Arthur L. Humphreys.The Oxford Shakespeare. ; Julius Caesar.Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar. Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg. Print.

Marketing plan of Philips laptop

Marketing plan of Philips laptop INTRODUCTION: PHILIPS: Slogan sense and simplicity Industry- electronics Key people- Founder Gerard Philips CEO-Gerard Kleisterlee Chairman- Michiel Hessels Employees- 121,400 in 2007 The company was founded by Gerard Philips and established on 1891, in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Its first product was light bulbs. In the 1920s, the company started to manufacture other products, like- Vacuum tubes (also known worldwide as valves), In 1939 they introduced their electric razor, Also on March 11, 1927 Philips went on the air with a station called PCJ now known as Radio Netherlands. In 1950, company introduced Philips Records. After this product Philips launches Compact Cassette tape in 1963 which was wildly successful. This was mainly used for dictation machines for office typing stenographers and professional journalists. Philips introduced the first combination portable radio and cassette recorder which is marketed as the radio recorder. Company also reduces the cassette size for the professional needs, in form of mini cassette and later the microcassette. The worlds first home video cassette recorder was made by Philips. The main competitors of Philips at that time were Sonys Betamax and the VHS group of manufacturers. Philips had early developments of a laser disk for selling movies but due to delayed in its commercial launch for fear of cannibalizing its video recorder sales. Late join with Sony they launch commercial laser disk, and again in 1982 with Sony they launch Compact Disc. This evolved to launch of DVD, which Philips launched with Sony in 1997. Philips after that also come in market of television, microwave oven, mixer grinder, music system, plasma television, home theater, energy saver(CFL) bulb, etc. The companys name was changed from N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken to Philips Electronics in 1991. At that time, North American Philips was formally dissolved, and a new corporate division was formed in the U.S. with the name Philips Electronics North America Corp. MISSION OF OUR BUSINESS Here we are going to produce a new laptop. OUR MISSION- We focus on to improve the quality of peoples lives through timely introduction of meaningful innovations according to movement of situation. As a world leader in healthcare, lifestyle and lighting, our company also integrates technologies and design into people-centric solutions. Our mission is fully focused on to fulfill the peoples needs and desires when we truly understand what they want. Thats why we always begin with getting to know as much as we possibly can about our target audiences: their priorities, values, inspirations, likes and dislikes. With this insight, our international, multi-disciplinary and diverse design team is able to deliver truly relevant solutions that anticipate peoples needs, exceed their expectations and enhance our customers business success. OBJECTIVE OF OUR BUSINESS I will decide my marketing objective which will completely support continuous growth and profitability through effective implementation of the strategy. The basic objectives are; I will increase the market share on the basis of market development. I will focus more on promotional activities. I will focus on constant and positive sale growth each year in place of more sales in particular fixed year. Determination of market that should be reached by advertising. In this sector I will try to achieve quantitative and qualitative leadership. Increase the awareness of new product by print media and electronic media. My financial objective is to sale of 1000 laptop per month, means 12000 for a year. I will make strategies to double this growth in next year. Planning process Development of new product is a challenging process. It starts with plan formulation; firstly we identify the problem and plan to solve it. The iteration continues until the plan is declared as successfully completed. The first step in formulation of planning is situational analysis. These are the steps of planning formulation. Situational analysis This analysis gives us information to identify the issues and problems that need to be addressed. For situational analysis these are the information required Socio demographic- Population composition and distribution, learning and family services. Economic activities- national account, poverty Socio- cultural and political- political structure, participation, relevant law, government policies, etc. Formulation of goals In goal formulation we specify the desire outcomes to achieve addressing the priority problem which identifies in the situational analysis. Formulation of policies and strategies In this we make a plan and create a direction to achieve the goals, objective and target. Identification of programs and project In this step we convert our plan and objective into specific implementable activities. Investment programming and budgeting Here we will decide which programs and project can be implemented according to our pre determined time scheduled and frame MARKET AND INDUSTRIES ANALYSIS Firstly I will go for market analysis which gives our company the sufficient information about market and consumer needs, want and demand. Market analysis will help to right offer to right consumer and can meet consumer satisfaction and can make better communication with consumer. On the basis of this study you can make delight consumer, and retention of consumer. It possesses sufficient information about the market and consumer needs, wants and demand. It will help to right offer to right customer and can meet consumers satisfaction and can make better communication with them. Also they have some important information about customer, which is helps to make delight consumer. With the pioneering research techniques, Primary Intelligence is able to identify and measure market drivers, benchmark and track changes to help you position your products and services correctly, and respond to emerging competitive threats and opportunities. Market Needs Analysis will help to opti ­mize your sales teams efforts by: This helps us to identifying decision making and purchasing patterns Exposing decision-making criteria and areas of influence This also providing objective, real-world feedback that sales professionals can leverage to improve their strategies and tactics. Market Needs Analysis gives us the infor ­mation that directs for our product marketing, demographic targeting, and sales tactics as you approach new ground. On the basis of study of Institute of development and communication (IDC) India which is a premier global market intelligence firm, the laptop market in India has 79% year-on-year growth during 2006. The sale of laptop is growing faster rate than projected. India is growing day by day a big market for laptop industries. On the basis of analysis of a top official of HCL Info Systems, market share of laptops would be 35-40% in the next two years. GROWTH DRIVERS FOR COMPANY Indian Laptop market in increasing faster as it was in 2005 that sales of laptops surpassed the sales of desktop computers. It happens first time in India. Change in work life of consumers is a main cause for growth for sale of laptop. The dynamic use anytime anywhere access to information is increasing, the sales of laptops. Reduction in prices and affordability was a big cause to improve the sale of laptop. In these days Laptops are now sold at approximately half the price at which they were sold two years ago. Laptops prices are now almost at par with the desktop computer prices. The most important factor is duty free import of Laptops also helped a lot in increasing the penetration level of the product among the consumer. Laptop awareness is also increased over the years. Our Target Markets Firstly we have to target the market for Philips laptop. By definition we know that -A target market or target Audience is the market segment which a particular product is marketed to. It is often defined by age, gender and/or socio-economic grouping. Market Targeting is the process in which intended actual markets are defined, analyzed and evaluated just before the final decision to enter is made. The target market of our laptop is shown below: Our potential markets are separated into two segments; Corporate User and End User. The primary marketing opportunity is selling to these well defined and accessible target market segments that focus on investing discretionary income in these areas: Corporate User: There is requirement of more feature in their laptop as per there use and work profile. Corporate users are the users who buy the LAPTOP for their official purpose only. The MD, GM, DGM, and CEO are the main corporate level users. Corporate users End User: The end users are basically focused on price. These are those users who buy the laptop for their personal use. Teachers of University, Students of private University, businessman etc are the End users for laptop End users Market Demographics WE have two objectives in regard market demographics: first we will to determine what segments or subgroups exist in the overall population; and secondly we have to create a clear and complete picture of the characteristics of a typical member of each of these segments. Once these profiles are constructed, we can to develop a marketing strategy and marketing plan. The five types of demographics in marketing are age, gender, income level, race and ethnicity. The term demographics as a noun are often used erroneously in place of demography, the study of human population, its structure and change. Although there is no absolute delineation, demography focuses on population structure, processes and dynamics, whereas demographics is most often used in the fields of media studies, advertising, marketing, and polling, and should not be used interchangeably with the term demography or (more broadly) population studies The profile of our PHILIPS LAPTOP customer consists of the following geographies, demographics and behavior factor: Geographic We have specific domestic geographic target area. We will firstly serve the product to domestic market. We will cover the Metropolitan area through our own distribution channel. We have our large no of distributors approximately in each state in India. Demographics Demographic has been done on the basis of the following attributes: We are try to give almost same featured laptop and for both the corporate and end users. The laptops loaded with all those feature which will certainly enough for University teachers and doctors to use it for their research work. As well as all High, Middle, Upper middle and middle class can use it without any difficulty. Behavior factor We all are aware about some behavior factor which is good and in favor of my company. This is related to the It is the thinking that laptop increase the status and prestige of the individual. Also Consumer wants products, which are available in anywhere on any time. Consumers feel that they have a separate image by using PHILIPS LAPTOP. Market Needs We have to provide our customers the opportunity to choose LAPTOPs with different configuration according to market needs. This is very important to fulfill the following benefits which are important for our customer. We will completely focus on these facilities for our customers according to preference: High quality Today all the customers are aware about the general function of computer because they are already using the desktop since long time. Thats why at this time the Consumer wants high quality product, which is must been high in regard to performance. PHILIPS meets this need of consumer. Reasonable price Today consumer wants a high quality product at reasonable price, for that reason PHILIPS try to provide high quality product at a reasonable price. Different flavors When we talk about the customers choice that is vary from person to person. So PHILIPS provides different laptop with different features for different feature. Product availability Todays the customer always seek available product so that they can buy the product at any time according to their need. Market Trends PHILIPS produces different type of laptop which fulfills quality but a reasonable price. Now laptop Production Company is growing and more competitors are coming in the market also customer are more aware about the product for that reason they want different types of product. At the moment market is growing faster, competition are increasing. Thus, Philips made segments for their product. Philips divided their customer in to three groups, and give emphasis on each of the group. Market Growth PHILIPS Company is going upward with a strong competition. With the domestic market, our international market growth statistics is increasing day by day. SWOT ANALYSIS The following SOWT analysis captures the key strength and weakness within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats facing PHILIPS. Strengths: We have strong information technology and customer relation management approaches our customer can track any delivery by containing online customer services. PHILIPS has its popular brand name. We have Strong quality product. We are producing attractive design. Body of Philips laptop is made of the silver and plastic both. We have our own large distribution channel. The satisfaction of buyer about Philips product is very good. Weakness Lack of promotional activities. At present we have insufficient capital. We have lack of promotional activities There are some legal and political barrier regarding import, tax and shipment. Opportunities Increasing the demand of LAPTOP o the basis of survey. Increase in management school. Technical based job are increasing. Improved market portfolio. Increasing sales through the country. Promotional activities to increase brand image. Threats Legal political barriers regarding import duty, tax etc. The large no of range of laptop of existing in present time in market. New competitors are entrance in the market. The price of LAPTOP is decreasing day by day, so there is low profit of margin in this business COMPETITORS At present in the market there are no of competitors in laptop industries. We have to analyze their strategy and know everything like feature, quality, price, segmentation, pricing strategies, target market and so on. The major player in laptop industries are:- Hewlett Packard (HP) Lenovo Acer IBM Toshiba Dell Sony PRODUCT WISE ANALYSIS OF OUR NEAREST COMPETITORS We establish our own market. Also it is facing some competitors. The no of competitor are at present time and their status is as given- Sources to Gather the Information about our Competitors The following are 10 sources and strategies by which we can get information about our competitors: Suppliers: Annual reports Phone the competition Talk to their customers Check periodicals and trade journals Review the companys Web site. Talk to some of their employees: Be careful what you disclose. But a little give and take might yield surprising results. Visit your competitors at a local industry trade show: It will give us a good idea of how competitors present themselves to the public. Review reports and profiles of the local industry Look at your competitors advertising Ø HP: HP Pavilion HP is a line of personal computers produced by Hewlett-Packard and introduced in 1995. The name is applied to both desktops and laptops for the Home and Home Office product range. Todays HP is the largest player in the market. HPs LAPTOP has captured the maximum market share of laptop and pc. It is produced in China. It is holding a leading position for long time in laptop in our country. It has large no of its customer group. Current Notebook Models of HP 18.4 inch: HDX18t 17.3 inch: dv7t 17.0 inch: G70t 16.0 inch: HDX16t / dv6t / dv6z / dv6zae (Artist Edition 2) / G60t 15.6 inch: Compaq CQ60 15.4 inch: dv5tse 14.1 inch: dv4tse / dv4t 13.3 inch: dv3t / Voodoo Envy 133 12.1 inch: Touch Smart tx2z / HP Pavilion dv2z 10.1 inch: HP Mini 110 Mi / HP Mini 110 XP / / Mini 1000 Vivienne Tam Ø DELL: In the 1980s Dell became a pioneer in the configure to order approach to manufacturing delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. In contrast, most PC manufacturers in those times delivered large orders to intermediaries on a quarterly basis. To minimize the delay between purchase and delivery, Dell has a general policy of manufacturing its products close to its customers. This also allows for implementing a just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing approach, which minimizes inventory costs. Low inventory is another signature of the Dell business model a critical consideration in an industry where components depreciate very rapidly. Products of dell: Dell inspiron series Dell vostro series Dell 1510 Dell n series Dell studio 14z Dell studio xps 13 Dell studio xps 16 Ø ACER: It is a Chinese producer of laptop. Acer has taking cover over the market share of LAPTOP PC in India. It is emerging laptop brand today and focuses on product for middle class and student. Product of Acer in market at current time: Acer Gemstone series Acer Travel Mate series Tablet PC series Acer Aspire series Acer Aspire Timeline series Acer Extents series Acer Ferrari series Ø LENOVO: Lenovo markets its products directly to consumers, small to medium size businesses, and large enterprises, as well as through online sales, company-owned stores (in China only), chain retailers, and major technology distributors and vendors. It is also a competitor of PHILIPS LAPTOP. Lenovo makes a variety of products for worldwide sale, these products include: Lenovo Lenovo ThinkPad laptops Lenovo Think Station Lenovo workstations Lenovo Think Server Idea Pad consumer-oriented laptops Lenovo 3000 J Series laptops Lenovo 3000 C, N, and V Series laptops A current agreement allows Lenovo to sell IBM-branded desktops and laptops until 2010. OUR PRODUCT RANGE PHILIPS: when we talk about our company we are basically a television company. But enhances our company business by producing laptop. Product offering PHILIPS offers different type of configuration at different price to our consumer for chooses their expected product. This laptops are given in figure PHILIPS EXTREME SERIES PHILIPS MOUNTAIN SERIES PHILIPS S-20 PHILIPS S-10 PHILIPS YUVA BASIC KEY FOR OUR SUCCESS: We have Strong quality Brand image of the product. We have our own distribution channel We are focused on to retain our customer to generate repeat purchase and referrals. Our general average sales about 1000 piece per month. Critical issues for our company Form the inauguration, PHILIPS is still in the early stage. The critical issues for PHILIPS are: There are quality variation in our products We excess discounts from other competitors. Marketing strategy For launching the Philips laptop we have to know about marketing strategy. It is a method of focusing an organizations energies and resources on a course of action which can lead to increased sales and dominance of a targeted market niche. A marketing strategy combines product development, promotion, distribution, pricing, relationship management and other elements; identifies the firms marketing goals, and explains how they will be achieved, ideally within a stated timeframe. Marketing strategy determines the choice of target market segments, positioning, marketing mix, and allocation of resources. It is most effective when it is an integral component of overall firm strategy, defining how the organization will successfully engage customers, prospects, and competitors in the market arena. As the customer constitutes the source of a companys revenue, marketing strategy is closely linked with sales. A key component of marketing strategy is often to keep marketing in line with a compan ys overarching mission statement. The marketing strategy will create awareness, interest and appeal from our target market for what PHILIPS offers to customers. The marketing strategy is based on superior performance in the following areas: Our product have different configuration. Philips laptop focused on Product quality. Delight user. Positioning Philips will maintain its position as a laptop company. The position will be achieved by quality product, competitive price, and according to consumers demand and delight consumers. They have experienced manager to make awareness about the product to customer. Strategies Our main primary marketing strategy will seek to first create customer awareness regarding the products. Our other marketing strategy are- To increase the product line and length as per the expectations of the consumers To serve the consumer with competitive prices To ensure the availability of the product Practicing Total Quality Management (TQM) Consumer Orientation Produce and market international standard products Marketing Mix Philips laptop marketing mix is comprised of the following approaches to product price, distribution, advertising and promotion, and customer service. This is the basis format of marketing mix. PRODUCT  · Brand name We have our strong brand name PHILIPS. Which is already known by customers in market?  · Product variety PHILIPS has five types of product. These are PHL EXTREME SERIES PHL MOUNTAIN SERIES PHL-S20 PHL-S10 PHL EC Quality PHILIPS always maintains high quality of its products. Total Quality Management (TQM) is practiced here. Design Attractive design, different colors, comfortable weight. Features Philips product has a Variety of features in comparison of competitors. Packaging PHILIPS supplies the laptops to the users in attractive packet. It provides special cartoon to send the LAPTOPs to its dealers which is for safety purpose also. Size Our products size varies a little too product to product and depending on screen of laptop. Service We will provide home delivery service after selling of our laptops. PROMOTION Sales promotion PHILIPS provides shot-term incentives to encourage and purchase or sale of products. Occasionally it gives special discounted price for its products. It also gives T-shirts, caps, Bluetooth and other accessories to the customers. Advertising We will give the advertisement for Philips laptop through newspaper, billboard, popular magazine, leaflets, sponsoring on game competition, internet etc. Personal selling When we talk about personal selling, then it can be said that Philips is not arrange any types of personal selling. PRICE  · Price list  · Discount It allows discount facilities for its retailers and dealers.  · Payment period PHILIPS sells LAPTOP on credit to its distributors and retailers and after the sale they then make payment. The payment time is of 45 days month, after this due date the interest will be charged. PLACE  · Distributor Channels We have our own channel for distribute the products in all main city of India  · Location Firstly we will cover the district areas of our country to sale the Philips laptop.  · Transport We have no own transport facility for our distributors. Distributors are responsible for taking the products to their showrooms. Marketing Research Marketing research is very important for us to know about current market and predict future needs. We can collect the information through the dealer and retailer by x Question Notes customer responses to the How did you hear about product? question. Based on the answer it takes its promotional activities. Customer suggestion They take customers suggestions to gain additional information. It want to know from the customers about- What suggestion do you have to improve our product? And Why do you need a laptop? Financials This sector will offer the financial overview of PHILIPS LAPTOP related to marketing activities. PHILIPS address brake even analysis, sales forecast, expense forecast, and indicate how this activity are link to the marketing activity. Break-even Analysis The break-even analysis below illustrates the number of single sales, or units, that we must realize to break-even. This is based on average sale and costs per transaction. Monthly Break-even Point Break-even Analysis: Monthly Units Beak-even 700 Unit. Monthly Revenue Beak-even Tk. 3, 64, 00000 Assumptions: Average Per-Unit Selling Price Tk. 52, 0000 Average Variable Cost per month Tk. 42,000 Estimated monthly Fixed Cost Tk. 70, 00,000 Sales Forecast: PHILIPS thinks that the sales forecast will be achieve into the into the five main revenue streams; PHL EXTREME SERIES, PHL MOUNTAIN SERIES, PHL-S20, PHL-S10, PHL EC. It will steadily increase sales as the advertising budget allows although the target market forecast listed all of the potential customers divided into separate groups. The forecasted customers group divided into 2 categories: Corporate Users and End Users. Expense Forecast Marketing expense is to be budgeted at approximately 3% of total sales for 2010-11 and 4% for 2011-12. Expenses are tracked in the major marketing categories of newspaper advertisements, printed leaflets, billboard promotional event and others. Controls The purpose of PHILIPS LAPTOPs marketing plan is to serve as a guide for the organization. This plan is about implementation, changing the business, and making it better. Here we look at specific implementation programs, and the details that it takes to make it happen. The following areas will be monitored to gauge performance: Customer satisfaction Revenue: monthly and annual Expenses: monthly and annual Implementation The following identifies the key activities that are critical to our marketing plan. It is important to accomplish each one on time and on budget. Our contingency planning Difficulties and Risks for our business An entry into the market by an already established market competitor. Problems generating visibility, a function of being an internet-based start-up organization. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips * http://www.google.co.in/search?sourceid=navclientie=UTF-8rlz=1T4ADSA_enIN354IN355q=geographic+target+area * http://www.google.co.in/search?sourceid=navclientie=UTF-8rlz=1T4ADSA_enIN354IN355q=MARKET+DEMOGRAPI+WIKKI * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_promotion * http://www.google.co.in/search?sourceid=navclientie=UTF-8rlz=1T4ADSA_enIN354IN355q=sales+promotion+wikki * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_strategy * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix

Essay --

Sixteenth-century people might define â€Å"black† similar to the way the Oxford English Dictionary would define it; something filthy or dirty, an obscure or deadly idea, involving decease concepts, and awful thoughts. They compared black to something pertaining to the devil. Since this was the concept of the word black, Englishmen began to believe that black people were derived from the actual word and made the sixteenth-century people believe that they are bad people to the world; when in reality, the blacks were as normal as the Englishmen. Most Englishmen believed that the main reason why the African’s skin are so dark was because of the sun. This theory was misleading due to the fact that Americans, who were in the same line as the Africans, still had light colored skin. The theories included in the text changed the way Englishmen viewed the Africans. To them, the Africans were considered a â€Å"novelty† and were ugly by just their complexion. Most Englishmen and Christians are familiar with the concept of heathenism. Englishmen would commonly differentiate the heathenisms of Indians and Negroes. Heathenism was typically a general refusal to take suitable values. The communication between both sides was very distinct and difficult; though, Englishmen would only make it seem as if they weren’t meeting the requirements. The sexual behaviors that the Africans performed were normal to the Englishmen. They took their sexuality and thought of it as a way that animals behave themselves. The comparison of the Negro to the animal was like calling them creatures and it disrespected them. The interpretation strengthened the prejudice towards the Africans because it made the Englishmen acknowledge them for the way they are. The pr... ...ering American industry. Henry Clay’s opinion on Free Trade as expressed in the document is that it never existed and that if we do destroy our laws on trade to make it free then it wouldn’t be free until other foreign nations have made theirs free as well. Lastly, he lists that America would be able to accommodate themselves to this unjust from the way America is already flexible to changes. According to Harriet Hanson Robinson, one of the primary reasons why women worked in the mills was to make sure that the men of the family can continue pursuing their education so that it can later benefit the family economically. I believe that the emancipation of slaves was passed before the right of women to vote because slaves were seen under women and were treated harshly. They didn’t realize that women were being treated harshly as well by not being given equal rights.

Entrepreneurship for Social Change Essay -- Social Issues, Business, O

Entrepreneurship for social change: Is the U.S. doing enough to encourage and support sustainable social innovation? Introduction: Throughout U.S. history the nonprofit and government sectors have addressed needs that are not being met by the marketplace through the provision of a variety of social goods and services ranging from health and human services to environmental conservation. In response to increased demand for these services, the number of nonprofits has grown by 59% over the past 20 years (Powell and Steinberg, 2006; NCCS, 2010). There are now over 1.5 million nonprofit organizations in the U.S. which account for 5 percent of GDP, 8.1 percent of the economy’s wages, and 9.7 percent of jobs (Wing, 2008). Over the same time period, government social programs also rapidly expanded in number and per capita cost (OCED, 2010) . While the social sector contributes significantly to societal well-being, traditional approaches have proven unable to fully address critical social problems or deal effectively with increased need. In the past, good intentions were enough; however, the recent push towards increased organizational transparency and accountability left stakeholders – politicians, government contract administrators, leaders in the social sector, and service recipients – demanding more. This created a paradigm shift, both internal to and external to the sector, in the expectations for social sector providers. Not only do organizations need more entrepreneurial approaches to provide innovative and more efficient ways of tackling difficult social problems, but also a commitment to increased outcomes-based program performance assessment. In light of the current fiscal situation, the sector is also experienci... ...nefits that SEs offer because the sector still lacks sufficient government and public awareness and support. The OSICP and SIF establish a framework for federal involvement in the social innovation process; however, they are merely a launching point for continued discussion. Countries like the UK provide an example of the positive impact that government support for SE can have in building the necessary bridges between business, nonprofits, and the government. As the government gains a better understanding of the capabilities and challenges associated with social innovation, it will be better positioned to establish the institutional structures and environmental conditions for SE to flourish. When supported appropriately, SEs can provide a self-sustaining, inclusive opportunity to strengthen the national economy while simultaneously serving a social need.

Apportionment Essay

Methods of apportionment are mathematical techniques used to allocate resources such as police officers in a certain city or congressional seats. These techniques are quite complicated and are based on several variables depending on which method one is choosing to use. Two of the most famous methods for solving apportionment problems are known as The Hamilton Method and The Huntington-Hill Principle. In this paper we will start by discussion the Hamilton Method by pretending that 10 different states are to be assigned 100 congressional seats by using apportionment. The Hamilton Method of Apportionment The Hamilton Method is a â€Å"common sense† method that Alexander Hamilton used to apportion the very first United States congress. With that being said, one could pretend that they have to divide or apportion 100 congressional seats among 10 states of the Union. To do this using The Hamilton Method the population for each of the 10 states would have to be known. Then the population for all 10 states would need to be totaled. Once this total is received, then the total population will need to be divided into each individual states population. For example, state 1 has a population of 1500 and state 2 has a population of 2000 for a population total of 3500 (Pirnot, n.d.). 1500/3500 = 0.42857143 (state 1) 2000/3500 = 0.57142857 (state 2) Next the decimal places in the numbers above will need to be moved two places to the right and round to the nearest hundred if necessary. This should give the answers 42.86 for state 1 and 57.14 for state 2. These numbers are known as your Hamilton numbers. Now in The Hamilton Method the numbers before the  decimal are known as the Integers and they represent how many seats each state gets, and the decimal numbers are known as the fractional numbers determine who will get the remaining seats, if there are any. The remaining seats are given to the states that have the largest fractional numbers first and work their way down. Therefore, assuming there are a 100 seats to be apportioned, then 42 seats will go to state one and 57 seats will go to state 2. However, we must remember that there are 100 seats to apportion. 42+57 = 99, therefore there is 1 remaining seat to be apportioned. Since state 1 has a fractional part of .86 and state 2 has a fractional part of 14, state 1 receives th e extra seat because it has the larger fractional number (Pirnot, n.d.). Now let us get back to the original problem of 10 states apportioning 100 seats. Seeing how this is a rather large problem with large numbers one might want to use a calculator or spread sheet to determine how many seats are assigned to each start. By using a spread sheet one can see that the seats are assigned as followed: Population Hamilton Assign Additional State Insert Below % Representation Numbers Integer Part Fractional Part Members Manually The question now becomes, are these seats all apportioned fairly? To find out we need to know the â€Å"Average Constituency† of each state.† The Average Constituency measures the fairness of an apportionment (Pirnot, n.d. pg. 534).† To find the Average Constituency one would take the population of a state and divide it by the assigned seats, and the compare them to determine fairness. Giving an example from the calculations above, one can see that state 1 has a population of 15475 and state 2 has a population of 35644. State 1 has 3 assigned seats and state 2 has 7 (Pirnot, n.d.). 15457/3 = 5158 Constituents 35644/7 = 5092 Constituents In comparison, just by looking at the number of constituent verses the number of seats; one would assume that the states are not really represented fairly, because state one has more constituents and fewer representatives than state 2. Below is the average constituency of all 10 states in the given problem above (Pirnot, n.d.). Having these numbers to compare helps us get a better understanding of how poorly some state can be represented. One would like to think that having the same amount of constituents in each state would be the sure-fire answer to solving that problem, but according to (Pirnot, n.d., pg. 535), â€Å"it is usually not possible to achieve this ideal when making and actual apportionment.† Therefore we should at least try to make average constituencies as equal as possible. One can actually measure this by using what is called â€Å"Absolute Unfairness† (Pirnot, n.d.). Absolute Unfairness Absolute Unfairness is defined as being â€Å"the difference in average constituencies† (Pirnot, n.d). To find the absolute unfairness of two of the states given above, we should use this simple formula. (average constituencies of state A) – (average constituencies of state B) = Now to use this formula to see if any of the states in our problem has any absolute unfairness, we will pick states 3 and 2 to use as a comparison. (state 3) 5486 – (state 2) 5092 = 394 Absolute Unfairness One can now see that the absolute unfairness of constituencies between states 3 & 2 is 394. Therefore, according to absolute unfairness these two states are not equally represented. The constituencies would have to have been the same in both states in order for the states to be equally represented, and this is rarely the case. With that being said, absolute unfairness is not what one would want to use to measure the unfairness of two apportionments, because it really show the imbalance of an apportionment of two states. In other words, absolute unfairness might give some people the wrong conclusion about the imbalance. Meaning, just because there is a large absolute unfairness doe not predict a greater imbalance. In all actuality, the sized of the state needs to be taken into consideration as well, when measuring unfairness. For example, in a state with a larger amount of voters like Texas, if a politician loses by 100,000 to 1,500,000 votes, it is considered a close race, in a small town election where the votes tally as 100 to 30 then the difference is considered to be quite large. This is why it is important to measure the â€Å"relative unfairness† (Pirnot, n.d). Relative Unfairness â€Å"Relative unfairness considers the size of constituencies in a calculating absolute unfairness (Pirnot, n.d. pg. 356).† To calculate the relative unfairness of apportioned seats between two states one would use this formula. absolute unfairness of apportionment / smaller average constituency of the two states = So, using the two states were given to figure out the absolute unfairness we can say that 0.08 is the relative unfairness of the two states. 394 (absolute unfairness) / 5092 (state 2) = 0.07737628  (rounded to the nearest hundred) = 0.08 relative unfairness To get a comparison we will use two other states. State 1 has 5158 average constituencies, and state 4 has 5196 for a total of 38 absolute unfairness. Remember to subtract the state with the smallest amount of constituencies from the larger state’s constituencies to get the absolute unfairness. To find the relative unfairness, take the absolute unfairness and divide it by the state with the lowest constituency number which was state 1. 38/5158 = 0.007367197  (rounded to the nearest hundred) = 0.007 relative unfairness The relative unfairness of states 1 and 4 is 0.007. Therefore in comparison with states 2 and 3’s larger relative unfairness of 0.08, it tells us that there is more of an unfair apportionment for states 2 and 3 than the states of 1 and 4. In other words, when comparing relative unfairness the larger number in comparison means it’s apportioned more unfairly. However, due to the fact that all of these calculations were based on The Hamilton Method all of the information could possibly change if there were a sudden population change due to growth. This is called a population paradox (Pirnot, n.d.). Population Paradox A population paradox occurs when one state grows in population faster than the other, and the state with the faster growth loses a seat or representative to the other state (Pirnot, n.d.). For example, state 6 has a population of 85663 and state 8 has a population of 84311 for a total population of 169974. Now we want to assign these two states 100 seats of congress using The Hamilton Method. First take the total population and divide by 100 seats to get our standard divisor (Pirnot, n.d.). 169976/100 = 1699.74 (standard divisor) Now divide each state by 1699.74 to get your Hamilton Number. 85663/1699.74 = 50.4 (state 6) 84311/1699.74 = 49.6 (state 8) Hamilton Numbers Lower Quota (Integer) Fractional Part Assigned Seats state 6: 50.6 50 0.4 50 state 8: 49.6 49 0.6 50 = 100 seats (Notice that the total for the integer or lower quota is 99, so therefore there was one extra seat to assign and it went to the state with the highest fractional part which was state 8.) Now if we increase state 6’s population by 1000 and state 8’s population by 100 you will get a population paradox. To find out how this happens you will need to make the same calculations by using The Hamilton Methods, except you will need to increase the population of both states to get the new totals, integers, fractional parts, and assigned seats (Pirnot, n.d.). (state 6) 85663 + 1000 = 86663 (new population) (state 8) 84311 + 100 = 84411 (new population) 86663 + 84411 = 171074 (total population) 171074/100 = 1710.74 (standard divisor) 86663/ 1710.74 = 50.66 (Hamilton number) 84411 / 1710.74 = 49.34 (Hamilton number) Notice that the fractional part has changed for the two states Hamilton numbers. Therefore since state 6 now has the larger fractional part due to the population change it will take the extra seat from state 8 for a total of 100 seats. State 6 will have 51 and state 8 will have 49. To find out which state received the greatest amount of growth we simply divide the growth by the original population (Pirnot, n.d.). 1000/85663 = 1.16% (state 6) and 100/84311 (state 8) = 1.19% One can now see that this is a population paradox that occurs when using The Hamilton Method, because the state that had the most growth in population lost a seat to the state with the least of amount of growth due to how the fractional part of the Hamilton numbers changed. However, a population paradox is not the only paradox associated with The Hamilton Method. The Alabama Paradox has also shown its ugly face when using The Hamilton Method of apportionment (Pirnot, n.d.). Alabama Paradox In 1870, after the census, the Alabama paradox surfaced. This occurred when a house of 270 members increased to 280 members of the House of Representatives causing Rhode Island to lose one of its 2 seats. Later on after the census a man by the name of C.W. Seaton calculated the  apportionments for all House sizes that ranged from 275 to 350 members. According to (ua.edu, n.d.), â€Å"He then wrote a letter to Congress pointing out that if the House of Representatives had 299 seats, Alabama would get 8 seats but if the House of Representatives had 300 seats, Alabama would only get 7 seats.† This became known as the Alabama paradox. It is simply when the total number of seats to be apportioned increases, and in turn causes a state to lose a seat. There is a method called the Huntington-Hill Principle that helps avoid the Alabama paradox. This method only apportions the new seats when the House of Representatives increases in size. This is what avoids the Alabama paradox. To ap ply the Huntington-Hill Principle we would use this simple algebraic formula below for each of the states for comparison that are in question of gaining the extra seat (Pirnot, n.d.). (population of y)^2 / y * (y + 1) Let us say that Y has a population of 400 and let Y equal 5, and let’s say that X has a population of 300 and let X equal 2. Now let us see which one of these gets the extra seat. (400)^2 / 5 * (5 + 1) and (300)^2 / 2 * (2 + 1) 160,000 / 5 * 6 = 90,000 / 2 * 3 = = 160,000 / 30 = 90,000 / 6 = 5333.33 = 15,000 By using the Huntington-Hill Principle method of apportionment we can now compare the two states to see which one will get the extra seat. Notice that state X with the Huntington -Hill number of 15,000 is great than that of state Y, therefore state X should get the extra seat. With this being said, if I were to use apportionment as my way of assigning seats to the House of Representatives, I would definitely choose to use The Huntington-Hill Principle method of apportionment (Pirnot, n.d.). Apportionment is a great way to achieve fair representation as long as we are not using the Hamilton Method. The Hamilton Method has the possibility of cause three types of paradoxes: the Alabama paradox, the population paradox, and the new states paradox. Even though the Hamilton Method does not violate the quota rule, avoiding these paradoxes are more important when  trying to give equal representation to each state of the Union. There are other apportionment methods that are equally as great as The Huntington-Hill Principle, such as Webster’s method (Pirnot, n.d.). Webster’s Method of apportionment What really sets Webster’s method apart from Huntington-Hill is that Webster uses modified divisor instead of a standard divisor to calculate what is called a modified quota or Integer. A modified divisor is a divisor that is smaller than the standard divisor. A modified quota is a quota that is larger than the standard quota. One would basically pick a number smaller than the standard divisor and work their way down until they end up with one that will give them and modified quota. Once that quota or Integer is found then it will need to be rounded either up or down depending on the number (the standard way of rounding) to determine who will get the allotted seats. Webster’s method is actually exactly like Huntington-Hill except for the rounding part, and it was the apportionment method used until it was replaced by Huntington-Hill (Pirnot, n.d.) Conclusion Apportionment methods are a great way to equally divide certain numbers of substances among varying numbers, as long as one stays away from the Hamilton Method. Sure the Hamilton Method is quite simple to use, but causes many problems such as paradoxes. The Alabama paradox, the population paradox, and the new state paradox are among the ones that the Hamilton Method can cause. This causes states to lose seats due to new Representatives, new population growth and even a new border or state joining the Union. Thankfully there were some people out there that were smart enough to come up with new methods of apportionment that eliminated the issues of the paradoxes, such as the Huntington-Hill method and Webster’s method. Both of these methods are the best apportionment methods out there to help make sure that states are represented equally by congress. , and considering the fact that I live in a very poor, poverty stricken state, I want to make sure that our state gets the best re presentation possible, so that maybe our representatives will be able to listen to all of their constituents and do something to help boost our economy, increase employment rates, and bring people out of poverty. References Apportionment Paradoxes. Alabama Paradox. Retreived from http://www.ctl.ua.edu/math103/apportionment/paradoxs.htm#Illustrating the Alabama Paradox Pirnot, T. Mathematics All Around, Fourth Addition. Apportionment. Retrieved from http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_pirnot_mathallaround_4/ebook/pma04_flash_main.html?chapter=null&page=531&anchory=null&pstart=null&pend=null

Management 3a

Oval International Computer Education Academic Handbook Open Distance Learning Semester 1 & Semester 2 Diploma in Management Year 3 2013 Streams : Marketing Human Resources Finance 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC 1. WELCOME 2. STUDENT SUPPORT 3. WORKSHOP 4. ASSESSMENT 5. ASSIGNMENT 6. EXAMINATION 7. FINANCE 8. REGISTRATION 9. GENERAL PAGE NUMBER 3-7 8-12 13-15 16 17-34 35-37 38-39 40 41-42 2 1. WELCOME Dear Learner Welcome to Oval International Computer College.We would like to thank you for having selected us as your institution of choice and assure you that we will do our best to support you in all your academic endeavors to ensure you attain success and progress in your chosen career. The Programme you have chosen is accredited by the Council on Higher Education (CHE) and registered with the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) and the Department of Higher Education & Training (DHET).FACULTY OF COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OFFERING NO 1 2 3 4 PROGRAMME Certificate in Compute rs and Management (IT,TT,HR & MKT) Diploma In Management Diploma in Public Relations Bachelor of Commerce Degree NQF 5 6 6 7 SAQA ID NUMBER 24345 49991 49992 PURPOSE OF THIS ACADEMIC HANDBOOK This handbook aims to serve several purposes. It enables you as the learner to progress comfortably through the syllabus required to study and attain success in the subjects that comprise the learning programme. Presented to you is the following information: 1.An outline of the objectives of the Programme. 2. An academic structure reflecting the subjects comprising the programme. 3. A syllabus coverage per module to advise your planning and aid your progress. 4. Assignments for each module. 5. Examination Guidelines. ARTICULATION Upon successful completion of the programme, learners can articulate to the Diploma in Management or to the Diploma in Information Technology: Business Information Systems 3 DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT NQF : 6 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROGRAMME TOTAL CREDITS : 364 SAQA ID No : 4999 1SPECIALISATION STREAMS: Marketing Management Human Resource Management Finance Management PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAMME The Diploma in Management has been designed for the learners who are considering a career in any area of management or planning to develop their own business. The programme gives a solid grounding in the fundamental fields of business and management, and provides management knowledge through a mix of core and elective modules. The programme aims at developing the skills to apply the knowledge to the analysis and solution of management problems.As a life-long learner, these skills will enhance your ability to take on new knowledge in your current and any other field of study. We hope that you enjoy the many opportunities that the programme will offer you and wish you every success in your current studies. OVERALL PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES The overall objective of the programme is to carefully integrate the cycle of learning and take you through different phases from laying f oundations to application and integration.The programme will facilitate you to understand the interactions between the various functional areas of a business system and thereby appreciate the need for developing cross-functional perspectives in business. The knowledge imparted through the programme will help you to address management related issues in your organisations and arrive at value-enhancing decisions. 4 CHOOSE ONE OF THE THIRD YEAR OPTIONS BELOW AS PER YOUR SELECTED MAJOR SUBECT ACADEMIC STRUCTURE : MARKETING MANAGEMENT STREAMLEVEL 3 MIS CODE MAN301A MAN302B MKT301A MKT302B TQMN302 ECOM301 SBMN301 BPRJ302 SUBJECT Management 3A Management 3B Marketing Management 3A Marketing Management 3B Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project TOTAL MODULE FOR 2013 Strategic Management Strategic Management Strategic Marketing Strategic Marketing Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project CREDITS 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 120 SEM 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STREAMLEVEL 3 SUBJECT Management 3A Management 3B Human Resource Management 3A Human Resource Management 3B Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project TOTAL MODULE FOR 2013 Strategic Management Strategic Management Training and Development Industrial Relations Total Quality Management E-Commerce Small Business Management Business Project MIS CODE MAN301A MAN302B HRM301A HRM302B TQMN302 ECOM301 SBMN301 BPRJ302 CREDITS 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 120 SEM 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 5 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE : FINANCE MANAGEMENT STREAMLEVEL 3 SUBJECT Management 3A Management 3B Finance Management 3A Finance Management 3B Total Quality Management E-Commerce Fundamentals Small Business Management Business Project TOTAL MODULE FOR 2013 Strategic Management Strategic Management Financial Management III Economic Environment of Business Total Quality Management E-Commerce Fundamentals Small Business Mana gement Business Project MIS CODE MAN301A MAN302B FIN301A FIN302B TQMN302 ECOM301 SBMN301 BPRJ302 CREDITS 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 120 SEM 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 6OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING FLOW CHART FOR THE SEMESTER STEP 1: REGISTRATION 1. Complete an application form 2. You will receive an acceptance letter 3. Pay registration fee and deposit 4. You will receive all study material REMEMBER: Pay fees according to your payment plan STEP 2: REVIEW STUDY MATERIALS 5. Read your academic handbook and understand all processes 6. Study your assignment questions, textbooks & slm STEP 3: WORKSHOPS 7. Attend the scheduled workshop STEP 4: ASSIGNEMENT 8. Complete your assignments and submit for assessment. One assignment for every module registeredSTEP 5: EXAMINATION 9. Write examination according to the timetable 10. Receive your examination results 7 2. STUDENT SUPPORT 2. 1. Introduction In order to ensure you attain success, you are advised to:Have a good knowledge of the prescribed textbooks for your modules Plan a study timetable around the syllabus outlined for you in the Student Handbook. Be strict in adhering to this timetable and studying your syllabus thoroughly Refer to the extra reading material suggested Do as much research as possible to apply to your assignments.Complete your assignments diligently and submit on time Attend workshops for the Academic Year. Contact your Student Support services whenever you want to query some matter that is of concern to you email [email  protected] co. za 2. 2. First Line Support -Center/Campus Managers -Center /Campus Administrator -Head Office Staff 2. 3 Academic Support -Tutor support We have full time and part time academics nationally and internationally who are appointed to provide the highest standard of service (academic, research, facilitation etc) Some of them are mandated to: 1.Facilitate workshop, telephonic support, email support, contact supported -Program co-coordinators We have national program coordinators for each our faculty; they are responsible for highest quality and standard in their respected faculties The Co-ordinator is also responsible for student support (email is the preferred communication method) The contact details for the co-ordinators will be found within this book. Library service We have a physical library dedicated to Oval students at the Durban campus; Oval has also provided many public libraries with textbooks and self learning material which could be accessed by Oval students (You may check if your local library has been stocked with Oval Textbook and Self Learning Materials [email  protected] co. za ) -General Handbook The general handbook is available on the Oval website or a hard copy is issued to student by request This handbook contains rules and regulations that Oval International practices.The onus is on the students to ensure that they read the general handbook. 8 – Unique Services Registered Oval International students will receive a user name and pass word which will allow them access onto the OVAL INFINITI PLACE or LEARNER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS). Once a student logs onto the LMS, various services will be available to the student. S. No. 1 Learning Resource SLM (Student Learning Material) Features Learner friendly tutorial-inprint Self instructional, self motivating & self stimulating Core learning material hat drives all other learning activities Researched and developed strictly as per the accredited curricula Subject specific repositories of knowledge Exhaustive collection of the subject related information Produced according to the demands of educational institutions Make an easy and interesting read Designed to aid and reinforce the learning from SLM Interactive, easy to understand and engaging for learners Contain concise and bulleted information Illustrative in nature; inclusive of diagrams, tables, drawings, photos etc.Extensive collection of subject specific books Housed with books written by internationally reputed aut hors Repository of excellent visual resources Enriches the knowledge base on and beyond the curricula Comprehensive collection of academic instructions on significant topics and burning issues Hosts international experts as speakers on related issues 9 Learner Activity Understand Learning Objectives Combine the knowledge provided and own experience Analyse cases and solve problems Take self performance feedback by answering review questions Note relevant doubts Textbooks 3 E-Lectures 4 E-Library Read in accordance with the syllabus Pay special attention to the illustrative examples, case studies, figures, etc. Solve examples, review questions and any other exercise given Revise the content read Reread the difficult topics Understand the learning objectives Be self directed Note all important bulleted information Solve exercises given at the end Revise the topic Revisit the difficult topics to reinforce learning outcomes Visit the library as often as possible Make comprehensive study of the books osted Try to read beyond the curricula Note all information that might be useful for further reference Attend the seminars as often as possible Listen carefully Go through the presentations used by the speakers Read the speaker transcript 5 E-Seminar 6 Breakthrough Magazine 7 Online Assessment Topics chosen are of global relevance and importance Includes presentations and transcripts by the speakers Online magazine published monthly Forwarded to managers across African Continent Targets Government Departments, Academia and Business.Contributors include foremost academicians from leading universities in India and Africa Measures how much has been understood after going through all learning resources Shows you where you need to emphasize Ensures that you have learned and understood the subject Provides to check your skills in complete privacy as and when required Note all information that might be useful for further referenceRead the magazine to be updated on relevant is sues Learn by hands on experience of others Understand what is happening in your as well as related industry/ industries Note all information that might be useful for further reference Take 3 random quizzes from an exhaustive pool of multiple choice questions Gauge your performance in the tests Revise in the other learning resources, the topics you did not perform well in OVAL INFINITI PLACE Oval’s Infiniti Place (A virtual Online Portal) is your ticket to experience the classroom of tomorrow. So what is INFINITI PLACE? A web based classroom accessible from anywhere unlocking infinite possibilities for all South Africans. Infiniti Place is an education portal designed to be populated with hundreds of academic textbooks and reference material for online studies and resembles the services of a traditional classroom that could be accessible from anywhere, anytime for study purposes. Learners accessing the portal will have access to a host of E-services including e-books, e-lectu res, e-seminars, evideos, breakthrough magazines and online dictionaries. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to take your lecturer back home each day?Well, look no further, our e-solution allows you access to your lectures and academic content, Anywhere, Anytime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Our ground breaking solution has been developed to answer the problem areas experienced by many learners in South Africa. Having analyzed and studied student trends we have realized a major gap exists when it’s comes to competency and efficiency of students. Our e-solution has been pioneered to address these challenges enabling students to cope more efficiently with their academic curriculum and thereby enhancing their chances of excelling in their tests and examinations.Furthermore, our mission is inkeeping with Governments vision to educate the masses in rural areas thereby removing the digital divide that is prevalent in South Africa today. Up and until the recent past internet connectivity was accessible only to a privileged few. However with diminishing bandwidth costs and supplier competition the cost of bandwidth has reduced substantially and has served as a cost effective enabler to our virtual solution. Exciting times lie ahead for students and I humbly request that you familiarize yourself with Oval’s online portal.Academic content will be populated (phased-in) onto the portal as we move into semester 2. Should you require any assistance kindly direct an email to [email  protected] co. za or telephone our ICT help-desk on 031 3056192. 10 1. How do I access the online system? Go to www. oval. co. za or www. myovalportal. com/dev Enter in your Username and Password that has been smsed or emailed to you. 2. I have logged onto the e-platform and discover that I am registered for the wrong modules. What should I do? Download a query form from the Oval website (www. oval. co. a) – Click on the Downloads section. This query form should then be forwarde d to the MIS department via email ([email  protected] co. za ) or fax (031 3062150) to the attention of the MIS Manager. Alternatively students may contact the MIS department directly on 031 3056192 3. I have paid my fees but the incorrect amount is being reflected on my student account. What should I do? Contact the Admin Department situated at the Durban Campus. Contact mode students are kindly requested to telephone 031 3053072. For ODL related queries kindly telephone 031 3056192FEATURES IN THE ONLINE SYSTEM Features Profile Fee Description Biodata of students as completed in his/her application form is accessible via the Profile feature. Should any data be found to be incorrect, students have the option of updating their profile. Students are able to access amounts owing to the institution via this feature. An online payment gateway will also be shortly integrated into the system whereby students could pay their fees owing to the institution electronically. The Life-blood of Oval’s E-platform is contained in its â€Å"Study room† feature.This electronic environment brings together a myriad of e-services such as e-books, e-lectures, e-dictionaries, online assessments, e-guidance & e-learning pages that aims at transforming your educational experience with the institution. Students can save notes, add discussion topics, as well as view reference material via the Study room. This feature enables students to electronically view and submit their assignments on a per module basis. Via this feature learners can search for articles and information on any imaginable topic.Students around the country as well as the globe now have access to a Live Chat-room whereby they could discuss areas of difficulty, brainstorm and share ideas relating to their studies. Students can email and chat to faculty staff members via the Studyroom feature. Students will have access to all of their academic resources via this link (Past year papers, Powerpoint Presentatio ns, Learning Content) Studyroom Assignment Knowledge Base Live Chat-room Email & Chat (Faculty) Academic Resources 11 Photo AlbumTime Table Noticeboard Holidays Helpful Links Notice (Inbox) Change Password Campus events are captured and uploaded for our students viewing pleasure on a daily basis. View this space to gain a sense of student-Oval Life, which is a culmination of the various cultures, human values and creed in society. Access to exam and class timetables. Notices pertaining to DP tests, Campus Closure, Campus events, etc are put up on a daily basis for students to take heed off. Displays National Holidays as approved by the South African Government.Provides access to study techniques & skills, Child-line, SANCA etc From time to time students will receive notices from their faculty via the Notice feature which is situated the main menu panel on the top of the screen. Students can change their passwords at anytime via the Change Password feature. Students are hereby cautio ned that their passwords should not be divulged to other students etc Note: E-Services are in different stages of development . Remember the service mentioned above is unique and one of its kinds in South Africa and the Africa Continent has whole. 12 3. WORKSHOPS 3. Introduction One Workshop, per Semester is scheduled at our designated venues. Workshops have been carefully structured to provide summative tuition by the module co-coordinators in each module you are studying as well as providing clear guidelines on examination preparation and answering techniques. The workshops provide an ideal platform for students to address academic queries. 3. 2 Workshop Venues & Dates 1ST SEMESTER WORKSHOP (LECTURES) DATE ND RD CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED STUDENTS 1. DURBAN CAMPUS, 2. KWA-MASHU CENTER 3. PHOENIX CENTER 4. MALANGENI CENTER 5. PIETERMARITZBURG , 6. IMPENDLE CENTER 7.POMEROY CENTER 8. JOZINI CENTER 9. LADYSMITH CENTER 10. ST. CHADS CENTER 11. WATERSMEET CENTER 12. IMBAZANE CENTER 13 . ALL OTHER CENTERS 1. JOHANNESBURG (BRAAMFONTEIN) WORKSHOP VENUE DURBAN CAMPUS – 27/31 Joe Slovo Street (Field Street) OVAL BUILDING CONTACT NO 031 -3056192 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 13 & 14 April 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 16 & 17 March 2013 ALL 2 ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 13 & 14 April 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 16 & 17 March 2013 ND RD JHB CAMPUS – 43 Biccard Street,Braamfortein OVAL BUILDING 011-4031151 ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 13 & 14 April 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 16 & 17 March 2013ND RD 1. CAPE TOWN CAPE TOWN CAMPUS71 Burg Street OVAL BUILDING 021-4265135 13 2ND SEMESTER WORKSHOP (LECTURES) WORKSHOP VENUE DURBAN CAMPUS – 27/31 Joe Slovo Street (Field Street) OVAL BUILDING CONTACT NO 031 -3056192 DATE ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 14 & 15 September 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 7 & 8 September 2013 ND RD CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED STUDENTS 1. DURBAN CAMPUS, 2. KWA-MASHU CENTER 3. PHOENIX CENTER 4. MALANGENI CENTER 5. PIETERMARITZBURG , 6. IMPENDLE CENTER 7. POMEROY CE NTER 8. JOZINI CENTER 9. LADYSMITH CENTER 10. ST. CHADS CENTER 11. WATERSMEET CENTER 12.IMBAZANE CENTER 13. ALL OTHER CENTERS 1. JOHANNESBURG (BRAAMFONTEIN) ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 14 & 15 September 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 7 & 8 September 2013 ND RD JHB CAMPUS – 43 Biccard Street,Braamfortein OVAL BUILDING 011-4031151 ALL 2 & 3 YEAR STUDENTS 14 & 15 September 2013 ST ALL 1 YEAR STUDENTS 7 & 8 September 2013 ND RD 1. CAPE TOWN CAPE TOWN CAMPUS71 Burg Street OVAL BUILDING 021-4265135 14 3. 3 Workshop Program Workshop timetables/programs will be available three weeks prior to the workshop scheduled date. Students will receive notification by email, text message etc.Remember the onus is upon the student to query with Oval International if communication is not received. On the days of the workshop designated Oval support staff will assist you to understand the timetable/schedule, and direct you to your class and assist with all your administration queries. 3. 4 Information for the workshop -Please read relevant study material before the workshop to enhance your participation in the lectures -Student should come prepare with questions that they find challenging -Workshop programs are provisional and are subjected to change -Lectures may be cancelled on he day due unforeseen circumstances -Students will be provided with short surveys to complete (how to improve the workshop etc) -Every student must sign the register of attendance -You are required to carry you own writing material -If you don’t attend the workshop, the discussion in the workshop is not documented hence we will not be able to provide you with notes Note: It is not compulsory for students to attend the workshop, but Oval encourages all students to attend. 15 4. ASSESSMENT 4. Introduction Open Distance Learning (ODL) students are assessed in two ways for the program, namely assignments and examinations 4. 2 Breakdown of Assessment -You are required to achieve an overall final mark of a t least 50% in order to pass a module The final marks are calculated as follows: 40% Assignment Mark + 60% examination Mark =100% Final Mark Calculations Example: Student Mary receives Assignment 40% of 65 marks =26 marks Examination 60% of 60 marks =36 marks Total =62 marks The results are evaluated as follows: 0%-24% 25%-49% 50%-74% 75%-100% Failed Supplementary Passed Passed with Distinction . 3 Plagiarism Plagiarism, cheating and fabrication of information is an offence (example: copying information from the website without referencing the source is plagiarism). Research material for assignments, case studies and seminars must be acknowledged . In other words, in-text referencing is required to prevent plagiarism. Oval International Academic Board will investigate each case. 16 5. ASSIGNMENT 5. 1 Introduction You are required to submit 1 Assignment per module per Semester. The assignment questions will be provided to you.The assignment marks will count toward your final mark for the Semester. The assignments constitute 40% of your final Semester mark. The final Semester Exam mark constitutes 60% towards your final Semester mark. Please ensure that, before you submit your individual assignments, you complete the requisite â€Å"Assignment Cover Sheet† (see later) to ensure that it reaches the correct assessor. (A) Faculty of Commerce and Management 1. Public Relation 2. Certificate in Computers and Management (HR&MKT) 3. Diploma in Management (HR, FIN& MKT) 4.Bachelor’s Degree in Management (HR, FIN& MKT) (B) Faculty of Science and Technology 1. Certificate in Computer and Management (IT) 2. Diploma in Information Technology 3. Bachelor’s degree Science (Information Technology) (c) Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism 1. Certificate in Computer and Management (TT) 2. Diploma in Travel and Tourism 3. Bachelor’s degree in Travel and Tourism 5. 2 Submission The preferred method of submission is email; Assignments can be submitted thro ugh the following methods 5. 2. Electronically by Email Students registered in the following facilities must submit their assignment through the applicable email address below: FACULTY 1. COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT 2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3. HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM ASSIGNMENT EMAIL ADDRESS [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: Email submission of assignment will be confirmed within 3 to 5 working days. If you don’t receive a confirmation by email, kindly contact Oval Head Office. 17 . 2. 2 Hand delivers your assignment to the nearest center/campus You may hand in your assignments to an Oval administrator. Head Office: OVAL INTERNATIONAL 31 JOE SLOVO (FIELD) STREETS, DURBAN 4001 OR Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: To any of our Oval centers nearest you where you must ensure you sign the assignment register 5. 2. 3 Postal System You may post you assignment to: Head Office : OPEN DIST ANCE LEARNING MANAGER P. O. Box 2671 UMHLANGA ROCKS 4320 Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: We don’t confirm this method 5. 2. Courier Services Deliver Head Office : 31 JOE SLOVO (FIELD) STREETS, DURBAN 4001 Acknowledgement of receipt of assignment: We don’t confirm this method Faxed assignments will not be accepted. NOTE: Whichever method of submission you prefer, ensure that your assignment is received by OVAL on the due date. 5. 3 Number of copies You are required to submit only ONE copy of your assignment. 5. 4 Release of assignment results Assignment marks will be released to student 30 working days after due date Marked assignment can be collected at your nearest center/campus 35 working days after submission 5. Extension for submission of assignments An extension for submission of assignment will only be granted in exceptional circumstances/cases Extension will not be considered for the following reasons: -Work commitments -Unwell for a short period -Comp uter issues 18 -Email not functioning 5. 6 Late submission In case of an extension being requested the student is required to: 1. Contact OVAL international Head office one week before the due date and inform the Manager of this request for extension, with reasons. 2. Provide evidence warranting the extension when submitting the assignment late. 3.Only students who have been granted an extension for an assignment will not be penalized by having their mark capped (minus marks). 4. Capping of late assignments, minus 10% per day after due date AND thereafter 5. 7 Remarking of assignments Remarking of assignment will only be considered within 3 days after the marked assignment are available at your campus or center A fee of R200. 00 per assignment will be charged for the re-mark. In the event of a discrepancy between the original mark and the remark the higher mark will be considered Application for remark form must be completed and forward to [email  protected] co. za 5. Assignment d ue date 1st semester due date 2nd semester due date : 15 April 2013 : 25 September 2013 5. 9 General assignment guide lines The information for the preparation of the ODL Assignments and individual topic is covered in the Academic Handbook. This document is designed to assist in the preparation for the conceptualizing, researching and writing of Assignments. 19 5. 10 How to approach an Assignment: pre assignment information What is an assignment? An assignment is a written test that gauges your ability to conduct Research, collect and collate information, and argue your case in coherent and explicable terms.Firstly, a Research Design is made to set out how you are going to approach your assignment. The way to make out such a design is to brainstorm the topic of your assignment and then arrange those ideas into a coherent order in terms of how you think the assignment will unravel. Underline key elements of the assignment topic. This first step depends on the depth to which you would like to probe the subject. It would be best to treat an assignment as a serious reflection of your ability to probe a subject. Your Research Design is a good indicator of the strategy you are going to expiate on your subject.Secondly, collecting and collating information is crucial. The Internet simplifies your task since it should contain practically all that is necessary for your assignment. If it does not, it should still contain references where you can locate the desired information. Use additional sources of reference eg, textbooks, journals periodicals, newspapers etc How would you collect and store the information? You need a system of storage where you can recall all that you have collected. The way to do this is to have a meticulous index of the materials collected and stored for instant recall.This point must be scrupulously adhered to, otherwise your material collection and collation would result in a mess from which you would not be able to extract what you readily nee d. Set yourself flexible time schedules to accomplish each task. Your Research Design should take a certain allotted time, your data collection (including reading or surfing the internet) should likewise take a certain time and your collation (which can be done simultaneously with the collection) should also have a definite time slot.Remember your indexing system is the key to the material you collected, and it must be meticulously made. It is the key to your system since it informs you where you can find the material that you have had to collect Set aside time to scrutinize you index and your material. Argue in a style and pattern that your reader can follow with ease. Maintain subject heading to guide you along. Be clear concise and lucid. Always have a dictionary at your side to look into the meaning of words and a Thesaurus to look for alternative words that can improve the explanation of your ideas.Try to always use a computer word processing package to look for antonyms and sy nonyms. Once you have crafted a working draft of your assignment you have completed 75% of your task. The rest follows as a matter of course Proof read your final draft a few times and makes notes on the draft. Make sure that your assignment conforms to the required template namely Typed cover page Contents Page Introduction Body (comprising headings and sub-headings Conclusion Bibliography And that the font size should be Arial 12.Use one line spacing This will assist when you prepare the final write up. 20 5. 11 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS (DUE DATE) SEMESTER 1(All 1st semester assignments are due on the 15 April 2013) OUTLINE OF MODULES AND ASSIGNMENT TOPICS MANAGEMENT 3A – STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (MAN301A) Markets differ in a variety of ways including the degree of concentration and competitiveness, a fact which is reflected in the concept of ‘market structure’. Economists’ models link the structural characteristics of a market to the behaviour of firms in that market and subsequently to their performance.A key question therefore is how far a firm’s strategic decisions are shaped by the structure of the market in which it operates. ASSIGNMENT : You are required to undertake a detailed examination of 1. The changing nature of the long-haul transatlantic airline market. The market you are required to investigate comprises only the international passenger market (i. e. Excluding the movement of goods by air) 2. The existing market structure (25) (25) 3. Examine the changing external environment and consider the emerging strategy of the airline operators in this sector by making an intensive pestel analysis (50)You are required to do intensive research about Questions 1-4 Assignment guidelines Your assignment should include a Table of Contents page. YOUR ASSIGNMENTS MUST INCLUDE: Typed cover page Table of Contents Introduction Body Conclusion References Font size not larger than Arial 12 Spacing: 1? lines Your answers must include any t heories, charts, tables or exhibits necessary to support your analysis and recommendations. – References – At least 5 sources of reference must be included in your bibliography. 21MARKETING MANAGEMENT 3A – STRATEGIC MARKETING 3A (MKT301A) The module offers learners the knowledge to develop and plan marketing strategies, using Various tools and methods. Topics covered Definitions and concepts Marketing components Marketing concept Value chain and benchmarking Environmental analysis An overview of strategic planning Mission and vision BCG growth share matrix Pricing strategies Marketing strategy Segmentation Assignment Question 1 1. 1 Explain the product/market growth matrix. (also provide a diagram) 1. . Identify and discuss ten (10) pricing strategies. Question 2 2. 1 E marketing plays a major role in business. Formulate an E marketing strategy for a retail company 2. 2 Discuss three (3) levels at which differentiated marketing can operate. 2. 3 Outline five (5) benefits of segmentation. Instructions Your assignment must be at least 5 typed pages in length and include: A cover page Contents page Introduction Body Conclusion References Font size not larger than 12 [50 marks] (20) (30) [50marks] (20) (20) (10)HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3A – TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT (HRM301A) It will equip the leaner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully plan and implement Training and development strategies, understand the process which will enable them to better formulate strategies that appeal specifically to that group, understand the importance of the human resource manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. 22Learning Outcomes Understand the concept of training and development Analyse the need for training Assess training needs Understand the methods and techniques of training Describe management development Identify types of learning Describe the characteristics of learning organisations Analysis of performance appraisal Promotions, Transfers, Demotion Topics covered: Organizational training : an overview Concept of Training and development Assessment of training needs Concept of training needs assessment Lectures Commence Methods and techniques of training On the job training Management development Concept of development Methods of management Decision making skills Interpersonal skills Introduction to learning Characteristics of learning organisations Performance appraisal Features and objectives of appraisal Methods of performance appraisal Traditional and modern methods Promotions,Transfers,Demotions Internal mobility Transfers, Promotion and demotion ASSIGNMENT 1 Question 1: (100 marks) (50) Topic: A Performance appraisal is said to be an excellent evaluation tool. ? Research and present information on the following: ?Featu res of performance appraisal ? Objectives of performance appraisal ? The performance appraisal process ? Methods of performance appraisal Your topic should include recommendations and the basis of conclusion for your topic. Question 2: (24) Critically analyse the three basic techniques of training and use some schematic representation to illustrate your points. 2. 1 On the job training 2. 2 Of the job methods 2. 3 Training techniques (8) (8) (8) 23 Question 3: 3. 1 Explain the criteria which can be used in choosing an organizational training and development strategy. 3. 2 Briefly explain the key assumptions of strategic human resources development. (26) (13) (13)FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT – FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (FIN301A) This module will equip the leaner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully plan and conduct financial information and financial strategies, understand the process which will enable them to better formulate decisions that appeal specifically to that business u nderstand the importance of the financial manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. Learning Outcomes Understand the financial management process – review.Analyse the nature of financial management Framework for financial management Mergers and acquisitions Distinguish between the types of leases Dividends International financial management Cost of debt Sources of finance TOPIC TO BE COVERED Review of financial management 2 Working capital management Concepts of working capital management Cash Management Capital Structures Nature of cash Motives for holding cash Receivables management Inventory management Components of inventory, Motives of inventory & Objectives] Sources of working capital, Financing of variable working capital, long term working capital, Sources of working capital ASSI GNMENT 1 Question 1 1. 1 State and discuss three (3) types of mergers 1. 2 Mergers may occur due to several factors. Identify and describe eight (8) reasons for mergers. 1. 3 State ways in which a firm can expand its operations. 100 MARKS] (50 marks) 24 Question 2 (50 marks) 2. 1 Some of the assumptions that underlie a model developed by Markowitz and Sharpe are elements of modern portfolio theory. Critically analyze this statement. 2. 2 Identify and explain the fundamental objective of the financial manager as well as his subsidiary objectives. 2. 3 Discuss the concept of the Agency Theory. Your assignments must include: Typed cover page References Font size not larger than Arial 12 SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (SBMN301) The module will equip the learner with the following: entrepreneurship skills so that they can manage their own businesses and function effectively within its structure.Learning Outcomes Describe what makes a successful entrepreneur, and see if you have those characte ristics Describe where small business fits into the business environment Identify small business opportunities and assess their viability Draw up a business plan Understand the procedure s and implications of establishing your own business Setting up a business Topics Covered: What is an entrepreneur, differences between an entrepreneur , small business manager Key success factors of entrepreneur Functional management skills and external factors Production factors Lectures commence Sectors in which small business can be involved Objectives of entrepreneurs, formal and informal enterprises Advantages and disadvantages of the forms Of enterprises From small business perspective. Stages of setting up a business, Business options Developing ideas and assess their feasibility, Needs and haracteristics of consumers Lectures commence Cultivation a creative attitude towards business idea Approaches to generating business idea. Difference between a feasibility study and a viability study , M ission and objectives of for an enterprise Expected market share, market segments, Calculating the income, expenses and net Profit, Setting a selling price, Contents of a business plan, 25 ASSIGNMENT [100 MARKS] Critically discuss the forms of ownership and their relevance in today’s business operations. Your discussion should include some recommendations as a way forward taking into consideration the government legislation on business options in South Africa.YOUR ASSIGNMENT MUST BE APPROXIMATELY FIVE TYPED PAGES IN LENGTH AND INCLUDE: Typed cover page contents page introduction Body conclusion References font size not larger than Arial 12 E-COMMERCE FUNDAMENTALS – ECOM301 Topics Covered: What is E-Commerce E-Commerce Transactions Electronic Commerce and Framework Electronic Commerce & Media Convergence E-Commerce in South Africa ( Students to Research) Anatomy of E-Commerce Applications Components of I-Way Global Information Distribution Networking Public Policy issue s shaping I-Way Electronic Commerce and World Wide Web What are the E-Commerce Application Services The advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce Technology behind the Web The E-Commerce Process Merchant’s Perspective Customers Perspective Issues in Customer Care and Services How E.Commerce transaction Takes place Electronic Data Interchange Factors of Electronic Payment Systems Electronic Payment Systems Steps and Benefits Market players in E-Commerce E- Commerce Business models 26 Benefits of Automation Framework of Computing (Devices used) ASSIGNMENT 1 1. 2. 3. 4. (100 marks) (30) (30) (20) (20) In a short essay, discuss the overview of E-Commerce in South Africa Discuss the issues in Customer Care and services of E-Commerce Discuss the attractions and detractions of the use of E-Commerce Discuss the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) transaction steps in E-Commerce Your assignment must include: – Title page – Contents page – Introduction – Lite rature – Conclusion – 5 References – Font size – Arial 12 27SEMESTER 2 (All 2nd semester assignments are due on the 25 September 2013) OUTLINE OF MODULES AND ASSIGNMENT TOPICS MANAGEMENT 3B – STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 302 (MAN302B) [100 marks] Markets differ in a variety of ways including the degree of concentration and competitiveness, a fact which is reflected in the concept of ‘market structure’. Economists’ models link the structural characteristics of a market to the behaviour of firms in that market and subsequently to their performance. A key question therefore is how far a firm’s strategic decisions are shaped by the structure of the market in which it operates. ASSIGNMENT [100 Marks] QUESTION 1 A vertical integration strategy has appeal only if it significantly strengthens a firm’s competitive position.Describe the above statement with regards to: 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3. 1. 4 Integrating Backward to Achieve Greater Com petitiveness Integrating Forward to Enhance Competitiveness The Pros and Cons of a Vertical Integration Strategy Outsourcing Strategies: Narrowing the Boundaries of the Business (When Outsourcing Strategies are Advantageous) (15) (15) (15) (20) QUESTION 2 Identify and discuss in detail three strategic vision and mission statements of three prominent companies worldwide accordingly. Explain the extent that these companies have achieved their respective mission and vision PN the companies you have identified can be located in any industry of your choice (35)MARKETING 3B – STRATEGIC MARKETING (MKT302B) The purpose of this module is to equip the learner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully understand and implement marketing strategies with the aid of research, analyse the process which will enable them to better formulate strategies that appeal specifically to that market, understand the importance of the marketing manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. LEARNING OUTCOMES: On completion of this module, learners should have a basic / fundamental practical and theoretical knowledge of: The value and nature of strategic management. An overview of strategic management. Strategic Planning. Strategic Implementation. Strategy Control 28Core competence Competitive advantage Developing alternative strategies Strategy formulation Types of strategy Strategy implementation TOPICS COVERED Consumer decision process New product development Product life cycle Product mix Branding Packaging Positioning Concept of unique positioning Types of positioning Repositioning ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: SEGMENTING AND TARGETING [100Marks] 1. Identify and discuss the benefits of segmentation 2. Describe the factors affecting the feasibility of segmentation 3. There are a wide variety of variabl es than can be used to segment the consumer market. Discuss four variables. 4. Benefits sought by consumers are more likely to determine purchase behavior.Formulate a benefit segmentation table of Colgate toothpaste. 5. Outline and describe the eight stages of the segmentation, targeting and positioning process. (5Ãâ€"20 marks ) YOUR ASSIGNMENT MUST BE APPROXIMATELY FIVE TYPED PAGES IN LENGTH AND INCLUDE: Typed cover page contents page introduction Body conclusion References font size not larger than Arial 12 29 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3B – INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (HRM302B) The purpose of this module is to give learners a thorough understanding of Labour relations required to enter the business/employment world. Learning Outcomes The course will provide an in-depth insight into the nature, context and scope of the field of Industrial Relations.Explain in detail Fairness, Grievance and Disciplinary Procedure To explain the balance between a generic perspective on Industrial Re lations, and its application in the South African contest. Describe the history of IR in South Africa Explain in detail the legislation in SA concerning Industrial Relations and employment Discuss the parties involved in the relationship Discuss the use of collective bargaining Discuss in detail Conflict and Dispute Management TOPICS COVERED: The industrial Relations systems The South African Industrial system Legislative framework governing Employment Relations Trade Unions and employer Organisations Collective Bargaining Discipline, Dismissal and Unfair labour practice Assignment: [100 Marks]Discipline refers to a procedure that corrects or punishes a subordinate because a rule or procedure has been violated. Discuss with examples the three approaches to discipline and final state what constitutes unfair and fair dismissal of employees according to Labour Relations Act of South Africa. Students are advised to search some information they can use to Google search. Marking Allocatio n: Table of Contents Introduction and Definitions Body (sub-topics integration) Researching and referencing Application of appropriate examples Conclusion (Recommendations) Class discussion / participation including attendance Bibliography (Harvard Method) (5) (10) (40) (15) (10) (10) (5) (5) 30 FINANCE MANAGEMENT 3B – ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS (FIN302B)This module will equip the leaner with the knowledge and skills to; successfully plan and conduct financial information and financial strategies, understand the process which will enable them to better formulate decisions that appeal specifically to that business, understand the importance of the financial manager in an organization, in identifying the relevant markets, determining their needs in relation to that of the organization, identifying the products that best able to reach them and to formulate messages to reach these markets. Learning Outcomes Understand the financial management process -review Analyse the nat ure of financial management Framework for financial management Mergers and acquisitions Distinguish between the types of leases dividends international financial management Cost of debt Sources of financeTOPICS COVERED Poison pills Corporate governance leasing , Hire purchase Accounting aspects, Asset and liabilities management Financial institutions Role in economic development Duration analysis Gap analysis Commercial banks [100 Marks] Question One Discuss the concept of the Agency Theory. Question Two Explain the use and importance of the following financial ratios: 2. 1 Liquidity ratios 2. 2 Leverage ratios 2. 3 Activity ratios 2. 4 Profitability ratios Question Three 3. 1 Define a merger and explain two types of mergers. 3. 2 Poison pills are securities that safeguard a firm’s takeover. Explain two types of poison pill plans. Assignment 1 (20) (20) (5) (5) (5) (5) (15) (10) 31Question Four The information below is provided by Balls Traders 2011 sales Cost of sales deprec iation interest dividends Current assets Net non current assets Current liabilities Long term debt The Tax rate is 30% Required: Use the above information to: 4. 1. Draw up the income statement for 2012 4. 2. Draw up the balance sheet for 2012 4. 3. Calculate the net investment in non current assets at the end of 2011 & 2012 (10) (10) (15) R3790 2043 975 225 150 2140 6770 994 2869 (35) 2012 R3990 2035 1018 267 207 2346 7087 1126 2956 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT – TQMN302 The purpose of this module is to introduce the learner to fundamental techniques of Total Quality Management.Learning Outcomes On completion of this module, learners should have a basic / fundamental practical and theoretical knowledge of: Understanding Quality Quality Philosophies TQM –concepts and Principles Problem solving and improvement HRM System Statistical Tools Cost control TQM Benchmarking Topics Covered: Understanding Quality. Planning, Control and Improvement, Quality Perspectives, Quality Man agement, strategies, Case studies. Quality Philosophies. Definition, Implementation and Models, Case Studies Introducing TQM Concepts and Principles. Definition, Scope, Initiatives and Creativity, Measures of Quality, Failures. Case Studies 32 Problem Solving and Continuous Improvement.Six Sigma, Meaning, Concepts and Implementation, Similarities and Differences Systems- Reengineering. Definition, Components, Results, Case studies HRM Systems, Strategic planning for HRM, TQM Environment, Personnel, Labour Relations Elements of risk, Pareto analysis, Concentration diagrams, Sampling, Case Studies Statistical tools, definition Cost Control Implementation, Case Study TQM Bench Marking, Definition, Benefits Implementation, Case studies ASSIGNMENT [100 marks] Question 1 (50) Reengineering as stated by Michael Hammer is a holistic dramatic change that occurs when a Company radically redesigns work for quantum improvements in performance. Each organisation must determine for itself the rig ht time to reengineer.Discuss how Kodak had used reengineering to bring it’s product into the market, when FUJI, its main rival, introduced a new 35mm single-use camera. Question 2 : (50) There are two dimensions of quality. The first is the dimension of conformance and the second is about perceived quality. Discuss these statements fully taking into consideration the requirements below: (a) The different categories of Conformance. (Illustrate with a diagram) (b) Implementation of Quality Cost Monitoring Systems. YOUR ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE APPROXIMATELY FIVE TYPED PAGES IN LENGTH AND INCLUDE: 1. Typed cover page 2. Contents 3. Introduction 4. Body 5. Conclusion 6. References BUSINESS PROJECTS – BPR0J302 Semester Assignment: Write a detailed business plan for a new business venture.Your plan should include the following relevant sections: Contents of a business plan: 1. Executive summary 2. Organizational background 2. 1 Current status 2. 2 Management team 3. Marketing pl an 3. 1 Pricing (100 marks) 33 3. 2 Demand management 3. 3 Distribution/Positioning 3. 4 Promotion and brand development 4. Operational plan 4. 1 Manufacturing/deployment plan 4. 2 Information and communications technology plan 4. 2. 1 Staffing needs 4. 2. 2 Training requirements 4. 2. 3 Intellectual property plan 4. 2. 4 Acquisition plan 4. 2. 5 Organizational learning plan 4. 3 Cost allocation model 5. Financial plan 5. 1 Current financing 5. 2 Funding plan 5. 3 Financial orecasts 6. Risk analysis 6. 1 Risk evaluation 6. 2 Risk management plan 7. Decision making criteria 34 6. EXAMINATION 6. 1 Introduction 6. 2 Examination venues & dates 1st SEMESTER FINAL EXAMINATION CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED Examination STUDENTS venue Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pietermaritzburg & Impendle 12-26 June 2013 12-26 June 2013 12-26 June 2013 12-26 June 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced DATE 12-26 June 2013 CONTACT NO 031 3056192 2-26 June 2013 033-3452984 011-4031151 021-4265135 0798318452 DATE 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 1st SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION STUDENT AT THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS CENTERS Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pietermaritzburg & Impendle 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced CONTACT NO 031 3056192 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 033-3452984 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 29 July 2013-2 August 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 011-4031151 021-4265135 35DATE 11-22 November 2013 2nd SEMESTER FINAL EXAMINATION CENTER OR CAMPUS REGISTERED Examination STUDENTS venue Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pi etermaritzburg & Impendle 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced CONTACT NO 031 3056192 11-22 November 2013 033-3452984 11-22 November 2013 11-22 November 2013 11-22 November 2013 11-22 November 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 011-4031151 021-4265135 0798318452 DATE 3-9 December 2013 2nd SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION STUDENT AT THE FOLLOWING ADDRESSCENTERS Durban campus, Kwa-Mashu, 27/31 Joe Slovo Phoenix, Malangeni Street (Field Street) Pietermaritzburg & Impendle 218 Berg Street PMB 43 Biccard Street 71 Burg Street To be announced To be announced CONTACT NO 031 3056192 3-9 December 2013 033-3452984 3-9 December 2013 3-9 December 2013 3-9 December 2013 3-9 December 2013 Johannesburg (Braamfontein) Cape Town Jozini Ladysmith, St. Chads, Watersmeet, Imbazane, Pomeroy 011-4031151 021-4265135 36 6. 3 Requirements to write examinations -Every student needs to collect a confirmation slip from their campus or center, This confirmation slip grant permission to a student to write the examinations. -No student will be allowed to write examinations at any center/campus without a confirmation slip. Student may collect their confirmation slips at their nearest center 2 weeks prior to the commencement of examinations -Students who have outstanding fees will not be granted permission to write examination -Student has found guilty of disregarding Oval international rules and regulations 6. 4 Failure to write Students who do not attempt the final examination due to illness or circumstances beyond their control are required to submit proof to the ODL head office within 5 working days of the examination. 6. 5 Remarking of examination scripts Remarking of examination scribes will only be considered within 5 days after the examination marks are available to students. A fee of R200. 00 per examination will be charged for the re-mark. In the event of a discrepanc y between the original mark and the remark the higher mark will be considered Application form remark form must be completed and forward to [email  protected] co. za 6. Supplementary Examinations Student who obtain a final mark between 25% -49% will qualify to write a supplementary examination The student who qualifies for the supplementary examination is required to pay an additional fee of R100. 00 and complete an application form. The form must be submitted to head office (email: [email  protected] co. za) The onus is on the student to enquire if they qualify for supplementary examinations. 6. 7 Examination Scope The Oval academic team will provide an examination scope before examination; this scope will serve as a guide for students writing examinations. The guide will be available to student 3 week prior to the commencement of examinations 6. 8 Student requirements for the examination period Stationery Student card and identification document Confirmation slip Calculator we re applicable 37 7. FINANCE 7. Student Fee Oval has three payment plans designed to suit individual student needs (a)Cash Plan (full fee paid at registration) (b)Easi Plan (6 months) (c)Flexi Plan (10 months) Students are required to pay their fees according to the plan they have chosen. Failure to make payment as per you payment plan could result in interest accrued on your account etc. 7. 2 Payment You can make payment by Electronic Transfer, Bank Direct deposit or payment at DURBAN campus only. All oval centers are cashless centers. For every payment you must request a receipt from Oval. Payment steps Electronic Transfer, Bank Direct deposit 1. Transfer /Deposit money into the Oval account 2. Forward your proof to [email  protected] co. a or drop off at your nearest center 3. You receive an e-receipt from Oval 7. 3 Re enrolment No student is allowed to register any other qualification with Oval if they have bad debt 7. 4 Additional fees/charge Registration fee (non refundable) registration Change in Academic/Curriculum programme only before 01 March) Evidence for RPL Credit Exemption fee Credit Certificate/Academic Record Re – issue of result sheets Re – issue of Qualification Certificate Supplementary/Aegrotat Exam fee paper Special Examination fee R 300 R 100 per module R 50 per year of study R 100 R 200 (plus postage) R 150 per theory R 150 per practical R 150 per module R 150 (once R 600 uponUnpaid cheques and electronic rejections returned by the R 100 bank Replacement of lost registration cards SLM Textbook R 100 R50. 00 R100. 00 38 7. 5 Account details BANKING DETAILS: ALL CENTERS/CAMPUS EXECEPT JHB CAMPUS Student are advised to forward proof of payment to [email  protected] co. za Name of Account Account Number Bank Branch Code Branch Reference Oval International 4060943951 ABSA 632005 Durban Student name & surname BANKING DETAILS: JHB CAMPUS ONLY Student are advised to forward proof of payment to [email  protected] co. za Accoun t Number Account Name Branch Code Reference 405 968 2546 P. G. M Family Trust 510829 Student name + Course 39 8. Registration Registration What does a student do after completing a year of study and wants to move onto the 2nd or 3rd year?A student is required to renew his/her registration at OVAL International on a year-to-year basis *A student is not automatically registered for the next year of study This must to done after the student receives a final marks for the entire year The student will need to complete his/her registration for the following year of study and attach his or her previous academic record/s in order to re – register. The registration must be submitted to an Oval centre nearest the student. Once the student’s application is received, an Oval Student Advisor will provide the student with a letter confirming his/her acceptance and outlining the fees for that academic year of study.The registration will only be processed if the student’s fees for the previous academic year have been settled in full, and current registration payment is made. (Forward your proof of payment to [email  protected] co. za ) NOTE. 1. Software Modules: Please be advised that the onus for the completion of the software modules (where applicable) is the responsibility of the student and will need to be conducted in one of the three methods below : 1. The student will be prescribed the textbook for the software but will need to complete an examination for this at a registered software training provider then submit the results to Oval to be included in his / her final results for the year. 2.The student may attend Oval International’s – Microsoft Office (3 Months programme) at an Oval campus nearest to the student, paying the relevant fees for the course. Then submit these marks for inclusion in his / her final results for the year. 3. Complete a Practical based prescribed assignment for submission on a CD for assessment and complete a Theory based examination as a final assessment for the module. In the first and second instances above, the student will not be billed for the software modules but the remainder of the theory modules selected. In the third instance above, the software fee will be included in the total fee due to the college. 40 9. General 9. Contact details for assistance: The physical address of Oval International Distance Education office is: 27/31 JOE SLOVO (FIELD) STREET, DURBAN. 4001 Support Service ODL Manager Registration Contact Person Rubeshan Nayager ODL Registration Officer : ODL Academic Support : Number 031-3056192 031-305 6192 e-mail address [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za Assignments 031-305 6192 [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za [email  protected] co. za Examination ODL Academic Support : 031-305 6192 [email  protected] co. za Finance General ODL Finance Officer : 031-305 6192 ODL Staff 031-305 6192 [email  protected] co. za [ema il  protected] co. za 41 9. OVAL INTERNATIONAL CONTACT DETAILS OVAL INTERNATIONAL CONTACT DETAILS CAMPUS NAME CONTACT 1 Durban head office telephone Rubeshan Nayager 031-3056192 Fax to email Rubeshan Nayager 0866236050 Fax Rubeshan Nayager 031-3062150 2 Administration Officer 3 Pietermaritzburg 4 Johannesburg Fax 5 Cape Town OVAL HOME-UNI AND THUSONG CENTRES Malangeni-Umdoni Jozini Imbabazane-Estcourt Phoenix Kwa -Mashu Ladysmith Impendle St Chads Watersmeet Rubeshan Nayager Arthi Ramdeyal Ms Cherag Singh 031-3056192 033-3452984 011-4031151 011-4031153 021-4265135 Mr. H Smith 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NAME Patience Mkhize Nicole Nkosi Rebecca Bhengu Riona Sunker Riona Sunker Reshma Domun Hlengwe Ngcobo Nhlanhla Mthabela Londiwe Radebe Thabilile Nhlangu CONTACT 0838566369 0798318452 0827264691 031-3056192 031-3056192 0846024812 0744230307 0837450689 0737547840 0726760292 10 Pomeroy 42 Oval International Computer Education Head Office: 331 Smith Street, Durban, 4000 P. O. Box 2671, Umhlanga Rocks, 4320 Phone: 031-3056192 Fax: 031-3062150ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING FACULTY: QUALIFICATION: ___________________ SURNAME FIRST NAME/S REGISTRATION /ID NO MODULE TITLE/NAME MODULE CODE NUMBER OF PAGES ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE : : : : : : : BRANCH /CAMPUS/CENTER: YEAR OF STUDY: _________________ ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED : CONTACT NUMBER STUDENT EMAIL ADDRESS STUDENT’S MARK : : _____________________________________________ : _____________________________________________ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY EXAMINER’S COMMENT : 43 Oval International Computer Education Head Office: 31 Joe Slovo (Field) Street, Durban, 4000 P. O. Box 2671, Umhlanga Rocks, 4320 Phone : 031-3056192 Fax : 031-3062150APPLICATION FOR ODL SUPPLEMENTARY/AEGROTAT EXAMINATION 1. To be considered for the aegrotat examination, the student MUST produce valid motivation and/or documentation to qualify. (viz: Doctor’s Certificate, Death Certificate, Affidavit, other relevant documents). In this in stance no fee will be applicable for this examination. 2. A student will only be considered to write a Supplementary examination if permission has been granted by the Examination Board via the Head of Department prior to the examination. 3. The completed form must be submitted to the Administration Office prior to the commencement of the examination with an application fee of R100. 0 per paper for issue of a confirmation slip. 4. No entry into an examination will be permitted without a confirmation slip. 5. The onus is upon you to refer to the attached timetable and determine the dates on which you are writing examinations. 6. All application for supplementary/aegrotat examinations must be forward to the ODL Department before the commencement of the examination (email:[email  protected] co. za) or nearest Oval Center Please complete all details below: NOTE Personal Particulars : Student’s Name Registration Number ID Number Cell phone Number Academic Particulars : Programme Year of Study Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Motivation: Code Code CodeI hereby declare that the information in this application, is true and correct an undertake to supply the institution with additional evidence that may be required. I also understand that should any information given prove to be incorrect, disciplinary action will be taken against me. _____________________